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respiratory system Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
respiration
regulate blood pH
receptors for sense of smell
filters, warms, and moistens inspired air
produces inspired air

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2
Q

distinct processes that happen during respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation- moving air into and out of the lungs
  2. external respiration- gas exchange between the lungs and blood
  3. transport- transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
  4. internal respiration- gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
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3
Q

pathway of air through the lungs

A

nose–>nasal cavity–>nasal mucosa/conchae–>nasopharynx–>oropharynx–>laryngopharynx–>larynx–>trachea–>bronchi–>bronchioles–>alveoli

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4
Q

structure of the lungs

root

A

site of vascular/bronchial attachments

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5
Q

structure of the lungs

costal surface

A

anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs

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6
Q

structure of the lungs

apex

A

narrow superior tip of the lung

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7
Q

structure of the lungs

base

A

inferior surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm

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8
Q

structure of the lungs

hilum

A

indentation that contains the pulmonary and systemic blood vessels

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9
Q

structure of the lungs

cardiac notch

A

impression/cavity that accomodates the heart

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10
Q

left lung

A

separated into the upper and lower lobes by oblique fissure

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11
Q

right lung

A

separated into 3 lobes by oblique/horizontal fissure

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12
Q

bronchopulmonary segments

A

10 per lung each with its own innervation and blood vessels that function independently of eachother

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13
Q

pulmonary lung circulation

A

pulmonary arteries- supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated and branch profusely along with bronchi to ultimately feed the pulmonary capillary network surrounding the alveoli

pulmonary veins- carry oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones to the heart

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14
Q

bronchial lung circulation

A

bronchial arteries- provide systemic blood to lung tissue; arise from aorta and enter the lungs at the hilum and supply all lung tissue except the alveoli (bc the alveoli have gas exchange)

bronchial veins-anastomose w pulmonary veins instead of superior vena cava bc pulmonary veins carry most of the venous blood from the lungs back to the heart

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15
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange
consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
approx 300 million alveoli that make up most of the lungs volume and provide tremenous area for gas exchange

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16
Q

conducting zone

A

conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange

all other respiratory structures like the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and trachea

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17
Q

features of alveoli and their respiratory membranes that suit them for gas exchange by diffusion are

A
  • air blood barrier composed of alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminas
  • alveolar walls made of simple squamous type 1 epi ideal for diffusion and gas exchange and secrete angiotensin converting enzyme ACE
  • surrounded by fine elastic fibers and smooth muscle
  • contains open pores that connect adjacent alveoli and allow air pressure throughout the lungs to be equalized
  • alveoli house macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile
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18
Q

premi infants lack adequate surfactactant

A

to coat the gas exposed alveolar surfaces with lipid like properties to create a surface tension so that water doesnt collapse the alveoli
without surfactant the alveoli smack closed with each breath and make breathing painful

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19
Q

pleurae of the lungs

A

thin double layered serosa
parietal pleura- covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm then continues around the heart and between the lungs

viscera/pulmonary pleura- covers the external lung surface and divides the thoracic cavity into 3 chambers the central mediastinum 2 lateral components each containing a lung

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20
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

air pressure inside of the lungs

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21
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure between the visceral and parietal pleura-pressure around the lungs

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22
Q

pulmonary ventiliation

A

breathing

the flow of air between atmosphere and and lungs due to differences in atmospheric pressure and alveoli pressure

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23
Q

inspiration (active)

A

if pressure in the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure air flows in

  1. phrenic nerve contracts the diaphragm which causes the thoracic volume to increase
  2. external intercostals contract and pull the ribs and sternum with the attached lungs up and out
  3. parietal pleura expands with the thoracic cavity and pressure decreases to -1mmHg
  4. air flows in until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 and equal the the atm pressure
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24
Q

exhalation (passive)

A

gases exit the lungs, no muscles involved

  1. diaphragm relaxes and forms a dome and intercostals also relax
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. elastic recoil- lungs spring back after being stretched/alveoli dont completely collapse because of surfactant
  4. intrapulmonary pressure rises to +1mmHg
  5. air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 like the atm
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25
if lung volume is increased it is because
pressure is decreased
26
if air pressure is higher than alveolar pressure then
air flows into the lungs
27
if lung volume is decreased then
it is because pressure is increased
28
if air pressure is lower than alveolar pressure then air
moves out of the alveoli to a higher pressure
29
pleural/intrapleural pressure needs to be
less than intrapulmonary pressure to keep the alveoli open | suction pulls alveoli out so they dont stick together
30
transpulmonary pressure
is the difference bt intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure and it keeps lungs from collapsing
31
quiet inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostals contract pressure decreases to -1mmHg air flows in the lungs until it reaches 0mmHg matching the atm
32
deep/forced inspiration
sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts and elevates the sternum scalene contracts and elevates the upper 2 ribs and pectoral minor contracts to elevate the ribs 3-5
33
passive expiration
``` no muscles involved diaphragm and intercostals relax elastic recoil pressure increases to +1mmHg air flows out until 0mmHg ```
34
forced expiration
internal intercostals depress ribs and abdominal wall muscles also used to increase intraabdominal pressure and push organs against the diaphragm
35
tidal volume
air that moves in and out of the lungs with each normal breath 500ml
36
minute ventilation
total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute only 70% of air inhaled/exhaled is involved in gas exchange
37
inspiratory reserve volume
air that can be forcibly inspired beyond the TV 2100-3200ml
38
expiratory reserve volume
air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration 1000-1200ml
39
residual volume
air left in the lungs after a strenuous expiration 1200ml
40
vital capacity
total amount of exchangable air volume plus tidal volume | TV+ IRV+ ERV
41
total lung capacity
sum of all lung volumes | 6000ml in males
42
anatomical dead space
volume of the conducting respiratory passages 150ml
43
alveolar dead space
alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
44
total dead space
sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces
45
partial pressure
pressure of a specific gas in a mixture of gas | atmostpheric pressure= sum of partial pressure
46
external respiration
pulmonary gas exchange diffusion of oxygen in alveoli into the blood and blood CO2 ito the alveoli done by the pulmonary capillaries pulmonary gas exchange is independent of eachother; partial pressure goes from an area where partial pressure is greater to lesser
47
total surface area available for gas exchange is an important factor that
affects the rate of external respiration | any disease in TSA decreases the rate of gas exchange
48
partial pressure of o2
104 mmHg in alveolar air, 40 mmHg in pulm capillaries diffusion from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries until both reach 104 mmHg reaches 100mmHg in pulmonary veins because of mixing of blood in which gas exchange doesnt occur bc of deoxy blood going to the pul veins form the bronchial circulation
49
partial pressure Co2
45mmHg in deoxy blood, 40 mmHg in alveolar air | exhalation keeps at 40 mmHg so oxygenated blood entering the left side of the heart has Co2 at 40
50
the gradient for Co2 is smaller than for o2 but it still meets the bodies gas exchange requirements because
co2 is more water soluble
51
gas transport | oxygen
1.5% in h2o and 98.5% in hemoglobin heme has for iron atoms so each carries 1 02 deoxyhemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin Po2 is the most important factor that determines how much o2 binds to hemoglobin if Po2 is high then full saturation if Po2 is low then release o2 from the blood plasma to the IF to the tissue cells-less o2 in the tissues/used it up
52
if Pco2 is high then
hemoglobin releases more oxygen as blood flows through the active tissues
53
if acidity is high then
hemoglobin releases oxygen | exercise--lactic acid in muscles
54
if temperature is high then
hemoglobin releases oxygen
55
transport of gases | CO2
Pco2 is highest in the IF, the less o2 hemoglobin is carrying the more co2 it can carry dissolved Co2- 10% in the plasma bound to amino acids 20% in hemoglobin- carbaminohemoglobin formed by high partial pressure co2 in tissues if Pco2 is low in pulm capillaries CO2 splits from hemoglobin bicarbonate ions 70%- carbonic anhydrase/chloride shift
56
transport of gases | co2 reversal in pulmonary capillaries
dissolved co2 in plasma into alveolar air co2 splits from hemoglobin and into alveolar air HCO3- reneters RBC from plasma, forms H2CO3 which forms CO2+water and enters alveolar air
57
internal respiration
systemic gas exchange that occurs in tissues throughout the body partial pressures reversed Po2 100mmHg in the blood 40mmHg in tissue cells Pco2 45 in tissue cells and 40mmHg in blood pco2 highest in IF greater than 45
58
about 200 ml of O2 is used
each minute by body cells | increases 15-20 fold during strenuous exercise
59
clustered neurons in 2 areas of the medulla oblongata appear to be critically important in respiration
the ventral respiratory group | the dorsal respiratory group
60
ventral respiratory group
netowork of neurons that extends to the ventral brain stem from the spinal cord to the pons medulla juction rhythm generating and integrative center groups of neurons that fire during inspiration and others during expiration can cause forceful breathing generates gasping during extreme low oxygen levels stops respiration completely when certain cluster of VRG neurons is completely supressed
61
the VRG cyclic activity produces a respiratory rate of
12-15 breaths per minute 2 second inspiration 3 second expiration
62
dorsal respiratory group
located dorsally near the root of cranial nerve IX integrates input from the peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors communicates the information to the VRG
63
pons respiratory centers
influence and modify activity of the medullary centers neurons smooth out inspiration and expiration transitions
64
the pontine respiratory group
continuously inhibits the inspiration center by transmitting impulses to the VRG modifies activites such as vocalization and exercise
65
regulation of respiratory centers by
cerebral cortex hypothalamus and lymbic system chemoreceptors
66
cerebral cortex
voluntarily alters the pattern of respiration because of the connection bt cerebral cortex and respiratory center protective so we can hold our breath
67
hypothalamus and limbic system
allows emotional stimuli to alter respiration anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety may stimulate the limbic system excitatory input increases breathing
68
chemoreceptors sensory neurons sensitive to chemicals
central-medulla ob. responds to changes in H+ or Pco2 or both in CSF peripheral-aortic arch, common carotid arteries-sensitive to Po2 and Pco2 in blood
69
chemoreceptors from peripheral or central areas operates in negative feedback
if pco2 or H+ increase or Po2 decreases the inspiratory areas become highly active and breathing increases Co2 is fat soluble so it easily diffuses into cells where it combines with water forming carbonic acids which forms H+ and Hco3- an increase in CO2 causes an increase in H+ carbon dioxide is the most potent chemical influencing respiration and the most closely controlled and it must go under 60 mmHg in arteries to become a major stimulus for increased ventilation
70
initiation reflex
stretch receptors in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles | when they become stretched during overinflation inspiration is inhibited and exhalation begins
71
proprioceptor simulation
monitors the movement of joints and muscles | why your depth and rate of breathing increase with exercise
72
temperature
increase from fever or exercise will increase respiration rate
73
pain
sudden decrease in respiration rate
74
airway irritation
ceases respiration followed by coughing or sneezing

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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