Blood, Vessels, Lymphatic System (Ch. 20/22)

Question 1

Hypovolemic

Answer 1

low blood volumes

Question 1

Hypervolemic

Answer 1

high blood volumes

Question 2

Normovolemic

Answer 2

Normal blood volumes

Question 3

pH of blood

Answer 3

7.35-7.45

Question 4

Blood components

Answer 4

Plasma + Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes)

Question 5

Erythrocytes

Answer 5

Red Blood cells
- biconcave disc, anucleated, lack cell organelles, hemoglobin
- basically just water and protein (66% + 33%)

Question 6

Hemoglobin

Answer 6

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in RBC

Question 7

Leukocytes

Answer 7

Function in the immune system

Question 8

Platelets

Answer 8

“thrombocytes”
- blood clotting (hemostasis), release chemicals/enzymes for clotting process
- clump together = platelet plug

Question 9

Pulmonary Circuit

Answer 9

Transport blood between lungs and heart
- shorter distance
- lower blood pressure = thinner walls

Question 10

Systematic Circuit

Answer 10

Transport blood between heart and all other tissues
- longer distance
- higher blood pressure = thicker walls

Question 11

3 layers of Blood Vessels Walls

Answer 11

Tunica intima - innermost
Tunica media - middle
Tunica externa/adventitia - outermost

Question 12

Tunica Intima

Answer 12

innermost layer of blood vessel walls
- composed of endothelium
- thinnest layer

Question 13

Tunica Media

Answer 13

middle layer of blood vessel walls
- composed of smooth muscle
- involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation
- thickest layer

Question 14

Tunica Externa (Adventitia)

Answer 14

outermost layer of blood vessel walls
- fibers of adventitia anchor blood vessels

Question 15

Arteries vs Veins - Walls

Answer 15

Arteries
- bumpy endothelium
- larger muscular layer (pump blood)
- internal elastic membrane between interna + media

Question 16

Arteries vs Veins

Answer 16

Arteries
- away from heart
- thicker walls
- more smooth muscles
- maintain circular shape
- pleated folds in endothelial lining
- thin elastic membranes in media and interna
Veins
- towards heart
- thinner walls
- less smooth muscles
- collapse when cut
- no pleated folds
- no elastic membranes
- one-way valves

Question 17

Elastic Arteries

Answer 17

Aorta, Brachiocephalic Trunk, Pulmonary Trunk
-Largest in diameter
-Elastic membranes in tunica interna/media
-tolerate pressure changes
-stretch and recoil during diastole = propel blood forward

Question 18

Muscular Arteries

Answer 18

Radial and Ulnar, External Carotid, Brachial, Femoral, Mesenteric
- medium-sized, thicker tunica media than elastic, predominantly smooth muscle
- diameter under control of autonomic nervous system
- able to vasoconstrict and vasodilate
-blood to organs and skeletal muscles

Question 19

Arterioles

Answer 19

• smallest arteries
• thin tunica interna, poorly defined tunica externa
• media may have incorporated smooth muscle
• control blood flow between arteries and capillaries
• pressure controlled by changing luminal diameter of arterioles

Question 20

Capillaries

Answer 20

• smallest vessels - one cell thick
• delicate, lack tunica external and media
• nutrient/waste transport between blood and tissue
• 4 mechanisms for the passage of material across capillary walls

Question 21

4 mechanisms of material passage across capillary walls:

Answer 21

1. Material can diffuse across the endothelial cells
2. Material can diffuse through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells
3. Material can diffuse through pores or gaps in fenestrated capillaries and sinusoids
4. Material can move via vesicular transport

Question 22

3 Types of Capillaries

Answer 22

1. Continuous
   - endothelial lining is complete
   - most common
   - controlled dilution
2. Fenestrated
   - endothelial lining is not complete
   - pores in lining
3. Sinusoids
   - “discontinuous capillaries”
   - endothelial lining is not complete
   - pores and large gaps in lining

Question 23

Capillary Beds

Answer 23

networks of capillaries
Thoroughfare- vessels connecting arterioles with venules
Precapillary Sphincters - guard entrance to capillaries
- contracting/relaxing smooth muscles control blood flow

Question 24

Venules

Answer 24

-smallest of veins - collect blood from capillaries - lack/thin tunica media

Question 25

Medium-sized veins

Answer 25

- largest tunica externa - elastic fibers - sometimes one-way valves - alongside muscular arteries

Question 26

Large Veins

Answer 26

- adventitia is thickest layer and contains some smooth muscle - thin intima and media - no valves

Question 27

Descending Aorta

Answer 27

Separated into Thoracic and Abdominal arteries 1. Thoracic - Visceral branches- supply organs of chest - Parietal branches- supply chest wall 2. Abdominal - Celiac trunk - Superior/Inferior mesenteric arteries - Right/Left common iliac arteries (internal and external)

Question 28

Femoral Artery

Answer 28

- external iliac arteries pass through abdominal wall and become femoral artery - then becomes popliteal -> anterior/posterior tibial arteries -> (PTA) fibular artery Deep femoral - supply medial and posterior thigh

Question 29

Azygus System

Answer 29

drain blood from thoracic wall (superior vena cava)

Question 30

Lymphatic System Functions

Answer 30

- alternative route for hormones, nutrients, waste (some lipids absorbed in the digestive system are carried by the lymphatic system to the blood) - produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes and B cells

Question 31

Lymphatic Vessels

Answer 31

- thinner walls + are permeable - incomplete basal lamina - no identifiable tunics - valves just like most veins

Question 32

Thoracic Duct

Answer 32

-drains into left subclavian vein - sack-like structure - cisterna chyli - collects lymph from: left: arm, torso, neck, head abdomen both legs

Question 33

Right Lymphatic Duct

Answer 33

drains into right subclavian vein - drains lymph from right: arm, neck, head, torso

Question 34

Lymphoid Organs

Answer 34

1. Lymph nodes - cervical, axillary, popliteal, abdominal, inguinal, thoracic lymph nodes 2. Thymus gland 3. Spleen