Endocrine System (Ch. 19)

Question 1

Secrete contents into ducts

Answer 1

Exocrine glands
ie. sweat glands

Question 2

Secrete contents into sinusoids

Answer 2

Endocrine glands
ie. thyroid

Question 3

Embryologically derived from epithelium
(synthesize, store, secrete)

Answer 3

Glands
- secretory cells, ducts

Question 4

Hormones

Answer 4

signaling molecule/chemical messengers
- to “excite”
- produced and secreted by endocrine cell
- transported to circulatory system, into bloodstream, to target organ and binds to target cells at their hormone receptors

Question 5

Hypophysis

Answer 5

pituitary gland

Question 6

Infundibulum

Answer 6

attachment point of the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Question 7

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 7

adenohypophysis
- out-pocketing of the oral development
- 7 peptide hormones

Question 8

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 8

neurohypophysis
- outgrowth of the nervous system
- 2 peptide hormones

Question 9

Pituitary gland

Answer 9

2 lobes
-releases peptide hormones
-both nervous and glandular tissue
-sits in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica

Question 10

Adenohypophysis hormones

Answer 10

TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH - adrenocorticotrophic hormone
FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
PRL - prolactin
GH - growth hormone
MSH - melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 11

TSH

Answer 11

control secretions of the thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 12

ACTH

Answer 12

adrenocorticotropic hormone
control secretions of the adrenal gland

Question 13

FSH

Answer 13

follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 14

LH

Answer 14

luteinizing hormone
- control sex hormones and production of gametes

Question 15

PRL

Answer 15

prolactin
- stimulate milk production

Question 16

GH

Answer 16

growth hormone
- stimulates protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

Question 17

MSH

Answer 17

melanocyte-synthesizing hormone
- stimulates melanin secretion

Question 18

neurohypophysis hormones

Answer 18

ADH - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
OXT - oxytocin

Question 19

Hypothalamus hormones

Answer 19

ADH -antidiuretic hormone
OXT -oxytocin
BOTH VIA NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

Question 20

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 20

1. acts as an endocrine organ
2. secretes regulatory hormones (via adenohypophysis)
3. contains effects of the adrenal medulla

Question 21

On anterior surface of the trachea and inferior to thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Answer 21

Thyroid gland

Question 22

Thyroid gland

Answer 22

2 lobes connected via isthmus
- thyroid follicles store hormones extracellularly

Question 23

Thyroid follicles

Answer 23

lined with simple cuboidal epithelium composed of T thyrocytes
- which secrete thyroglobulin and iodine into colloid (thyroid cavity)
TSH stimulates follicle cells to convert thyroglobulin to thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 24

Thyroglobulin is converted by __________ into _____________ and ____________. Both function to ________________

Answer 24

follicle cells stimulated by TSH
thyroxine
triiodothyronine
increase cellular metabolism

Question 25

Parafollicular cells

Answer 25

C thyrocytes (clear) produce calcitonin (CT)

Question 26

Calcitonin

Answer 26

regulates blood calcium ion levels - reduces ion concentration Targets: osteoclasts of bones (inhibits osteoclast activity, calcium does not leave bone to enter blood) Nephrons (calcium ion excretion)

Question 27

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 27

posterior portion of thyroid gland parathyroid cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 28

PTH

Answer 28

parathyroid hormone - increases blood calcium ion levels (reduces urinary excretion, kidneys produce calcitriol to increase absorption of calcium)

Question 29

Thymus

Answer 29

mediastinal region, posterior to the sternum - produces thymosin

Question 30

Thymosin

Answer 30

targets lymphocytes - to develop T cells - maintain immune system

Question 31

Pancreas

Answer 31

connects to duodenum (large rounded end), and towards the spleen (pointed tail) - pancreatic duct- largest exocrine and endocrine functions: digestive enzymes and pancreatic islets produce hormones

Question 32

Pancreas hormones

Answer 32

Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

Question 33

Glucagon

Answer 33

from alpha cells - stimulates liver -> break down glycogen to glucose - put glucose into bloodstream

Question 34

Insulin

Answer 34

from beta cells - increases glucose absorption by body cells

Question 35

Somatostatin

Answer 35

from delta cells - inhibits glucagon and insulin production - slows absorption rate in small intestine

Question 36

inability to produce/use insulin

Answer 36

diabetes mellitus Type 1: don't make but can use Type 2: make but can't use vision + cardiovascular issues

Question 37

Adrenal glands

Answer 37

attached to border of kidneys aka. suprarenal glands Right= triangular, left= semilunar Cortex= outer, medulla= inner

Question 38

Adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 38

aldosterone (zona glomerulosa) glucocorticoids- cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone (zona fasciculate) androgens- ie. testosterone (zona reticularis)

Question 39

Aldosterone

Answer 39

adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa retention of sodium ions and water= reduce ion and water loss

Question 40

glucocorticoids

Answer 40

adrenal cortex zona fasciculate cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone cause liver to synthesize glucose and glycogen, anti-inflammatory

Question 41

androgens

Answer 41

adrenal cortex zona reticularis testosterone development of axillary and pubis hair, stimulate libido

Question 42

Adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 42

epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) BOTH PRODUCED BY CHROMAFFIN CELLS

Question 43

Pineal Gland

Answer 43

contains neurons, glial cells, and pinealocytes - synthesize melatonin