Digestive System

Question 1

bringing food and liquids into the mouth

Answer 1

ingestion

Question 2

chewing, swallowing, churning

Answer 2

mechanical digestion

Question 3

digestive/enzymatic breakdown of food into nutrient form

Answer 3

chemical digestion

Question 4

enzymes, acids, buffers

Answer 4

secretion

Question 5

movement of nutrients from small intestine to the bloodstream

Answer 5

absorption

Question 6

involving compaction (dehydration of organic waste) and defecation (excretion/removal of feces)

Answer 6

elimination

Question 7

Oral cavity function

Answer 7

mechanical digestion, moistening, mixing w salivary secretions

Question 8

pharynx function

Answer 8

muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus

Question 9

esophagus function

Answer 9

muscular tube that transport materials from pharynx to stomach

Question 10

stomach function

Answer 10

chemical and mechanical digestion (acids/enzymes and muscular contractions)

Question 11

small intestine function

Answer 11

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

Question 12

large intestine function

Answer 12

dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials to prepare for elimination (last chance to absorb water)

Question 13

mucous membrane that lines the inside of the digestive tract

Answer 13

mucosa

Question 14

what cells type lines the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus

Answer 14

stratified nonkeratinized squamous (wear and tear, resist stress + abrasion)

Question 15

what cell type lines the stomach, small intestine and large intestine

Answer 15

simple columnar (secretion and absorption)

Question 16

layer of the mucosa containing blood vessels, nerves, smooth muscle and lymphatic vessels

Answer 16

lamina propria

Question 17

muscularis mucosae

Answer 17

narrow band of smooth muscle at the border of the mucosa

Question 18

muscle contraction the propels a bolus through the tract in a series of circular contractions behind the food

Answer 18

peristalsis

Question 19

muscular contraction where material is churned and fragmented as it is propelled by peristaltic contractions

Answer 19

segmentation

Question 20

parietal peritoneum

Answer 20

lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 21

visceral peritoneum

Answer 21

covers organs

Question 22

intraperitoneal organs

Answer 22

organs that lie within the peritoneal cavity, surrounded by visceral peritoneum
ie. stomach, liver, jejunum, ileum

Question 23

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 23

organs covered by visceral peritoneum on anterior surface, lie outside of visceral peritoneum
ie. kidneys, ureter, abdominal aorta

Question 24

secondary retroperitoneal organs

Answer 24

organs form as intraperitoneal but become retroperitoneal (during embryonic development as visceral peritoneum fuses with opposing parietal peritoneum)
ie. pancreas, duodenum

Question 25

fused double sheets of peritoneal (and their functions)

Answer 25

mesenteries - stabilize organ position - route of passage for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

Question 26

mesentery proper

Answer 26

sheet of mesentery that suspends small intestine (except duodenum)

Question 27

Lesser omentum

Answer 27

lies between stomach and liver

Question 28

greater omentum

Answer 28

from stomach and covers rest of abdominal organs on anterior surface - w/thick layer of adipose - energy reserve + insulation

Question 29

space between cheeks, lips, and gums

Answer 29

oral vestibule

Question 30

mastication

Answer 30

food moves between oral vestibule and occlusal surfaces of teeth food is moistened w salivary secretions, processed mechanically

Question 31

tongue muscles that alter the shape of the tongue

Answer 31

intrinsic tongue muscles

Question 32

tongue muscles that affect the gross movement of the tongue

Answer 32

extrinsic tongue muscles

Question 33

teeth types and numbers:

Answer 33

4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 4-6 molars

Question 34

pharyngeal muscles that push bolus toward the esophagus

Answer 34

pharyngeal constrictors

Question 35

pharyngeal muscles that elevate the larynx

Answer 35

palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus

Question 36

pharyngeal muscles that raise the soft palate

Answer 36

palatal muscles

Question 37

esophagus passes through the ____________ and enters the abdominal cavity by passing through the _________ ________ of the diaphragm

Answer 37

mediastinum, esophageal hiatus

Question 38

esophageal wall is made of:

Answer 38

mucosa (stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium) submucosa (submucosal glands -> mucus) muscularis externa (mixed skeletal and smooth muscle) NO SEROSA LAYER

Question 39

Gastric folds

Answer 39

relaxed stomach= mucosa forms many muscular ridges - expand folds for larger stomach

Question 40

smooth muscle layers of the stomach

Answer 40

circular, longitudinal, oblique

Question 41

lining of the stomach: ________ leads to _________ which produce _________

Answer 41

gastric pits, gastric glands, gastric juice

Question 42

produce alkaline mucus to protect stomach lining from autodigestion

Answer 42

mucous surface cells

Question 43

in gastric pit, produce protective mucus

Answer 43

mucous neck cells

Question 44

secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

Answer 44

parietal cells

Question 45

facilitates absorption of vitamin B12 from small intestine into bloodstream

Answer 45

intrinsic factor

Question 46

kills microorganisms, denatures proteins, activates pepsinogen

Answer 46

hydrochloric acid

Question 47

secrete pepsinogen. in newborns secrete rennin and gastric lipase to digest milk

Answer 47

chief cells in the stomach

Question 48

converted to pepsin via hydrochloric acid to digest proteins

Answer 48

pepsinogen

Question 49

produce hormones

Answer 49

enteroendocrine cells

Question 50

secrete gastrin

Answer 50

G cells - stimulates parietal and cheif cells

Question 51

receives chyme from stomach, digestive enzymes from pancreas, bile from the liver and gallbladder

Answer 51

duodenum (retroperitoneal)

Question 52

most of the digestion and absorption occurs here

Answer 52

jejunum (intraperitoneal)

Question 53

last place of digestion and absorption in small intestine here, empties into large intestine

Answer 53

ilium (intraperitoneal)

Question 54

Chyme is neutralized by ________ and _______ when it enters the small intestine from the stomach

Answer 54

alkaline secretions (pancreas) alkaline mucus (brunner's glands)

Question 55

3 regions of the large intestine

Answer 55

cecum, colon, rectum

Question 56

longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colonic wall

Answer 56

teniae coli -aid in peristalsis -define the haustra

Question 57

sacs of fat attached to and extending from the large intestine

Answer 57

omental appendices

Question 58

last portion of the rectum

Answer 58

anal canal