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1st yr-Med 2022-2023 > BMC L3 > Flashcards

BMC L3 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Cerebrum + Limbic System

A

DIAGRAM L3 - RECOGNISE THEM!!!

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2
Q

Embroyinic brain development

A

Brain + spinal cord start as an embroyonic structure known as the neural tube.

Neural tube has 3 primary brain vesicles (3 week embryo)

  1. Prosencephalon - Forebrain
  2. Mesencephalon - Midbrain
  3. Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain

These 3 primary brain vesicles develop into 5 secondary brain vesicles: (5 week embryo)

Prosencephalon - Telencephalon (endbrain)
Diencephalon (interbrain)
Mesencephalon - undivided
Rhombencephalon - metencephalon (after brain)
Mylencephalon (spinal brain)

5 secondary brain vesicles develop rapidly into major structures of adult brain:

Telencephalon- cerebrum
Diencephalon- Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina
Midbrain - remains undivided
Metencephalon- Pons, cerebellum
Mylencephalon - Medulla

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3
Q

Neural Tube Defects

A
  1. Spina Bifida

Leads to paralysis, issues with bladder + bowel control
NEURAL TUBE FAILS TO CLOSE PROPERLY
2. Anencephaly: born without head, brain, skull

Incompatible with life

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4
Q

Causes of Neural Tube Defects

A

1.(Maternal?) Folate deficiency
2. Maternal diabetes
3. Maternal obesity
4. (Maternal?) Smoking

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5
Q

How to test for neural tube defects?

A

Maternal alpha-foetal protein test
Level of maternal alpha foetal protein in blood

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6
Q

How to prevent neural tube defects?

A

0.4 mg folic acid before pregnancy
1 mg during pregnancy
4 mg if prioir neural tube defect (if neural tube defect has happened)

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7
Q

Organisation of the brain

A

DIAGRAM - RECOGNISE:

  • CEREBRUM - FOREBAIN - ALL OF IT - THE 4 LOBES
    -BRAINSTEM
    -CEREBELLUM- HINDBRAIN
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8
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

1.Cerbral cortex
2.Basal Ganglia
3. Olfactory Bulb
4. Hippocampus

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9
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Mood
Muscle movement
Aggression
Smell
MOTIVATION

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10
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Touch
Temp
Taste
Balance
PAIN

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11
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Hearing
Smell
Memory
Judgement
Abstract thoughts

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12
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Vision

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13
Q

What happens if the frontal lobe is damaged?

A

Can lead to schizophrenia / psychotic episodes

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14
Q

What happens if the parietal lobe is damaged?

A

If one side is damaged, (trauma), leads to contralateral hemi spatial neglect

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15
Q

What happens if the temporal lobe is damaged?

A

Epilepsy

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16
Q

What happens if the occipital lobe is damaged?

A

Loss of vision

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the cerebral cortex

A

Gray matter surface of cortex - outer layer of cerebrum.

Consists of:

  1. Longitudinal fissure
  2. Gyri
  3. Sulci
  4. Corpus Callosum
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18
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Seperates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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19
Q

Gyri (1 gyrus)

A

Outward folds

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20
Q

Sulci (1 sulcus)

A

Inward grooves

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21
Q

Corpus Callosum

Study These Flashcards
A

Connects to cerebral hemispheres

22
Q

3 areas of Cerebral Cortex

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A
  1. Sensory area - processes sensory impulses
  2. Motor area - Controls muscular movement
  3. Association areas - processes emotions + intellect
23
Q

Gyri of the cerebral cortex

Study These Flashcards
A

Precentral Gyrus
-contains primary motor cortex
-located in frontal lobe

Postcentral Gyrus
-contains primary somatic sensory cortex
-located in parietal lobe

BE ABLE TO RECOGNISE IN DIAGRAM

24
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Spatial navigation
  2. Consolidation of info
  3. Short term + long term memory

PART OF LIMBIC SYSTEM

25
Limbic System
Hippocampus with a HAT: 1. Hippocampus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Amygdala 4. Thalamus RECOGNISE THESE ALL ON DIAGRAM
26
Thalamus
Responsible for: Sleep Wakefulness Alertness Also, relays sensory and motor signals
27
Hypothalmus
Controls + intergrates autonomic nervous system Controls pituitary gland and links the endocrine system to the nervous systems Recieves sensory impulses from internal body organs
28
Brain Stem
1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla
29
Midbrain
Sensory + Motor function Responsible for reflex movement of head, eyeball + trunk
30
Pons
Connect brain + spinal cord Connect different parts of brain Helps control breathing
31
Medulla
Connect brain + spinal cord Helps control breathing / ventilation (respiratory centre) Cardiovascular centre (sympathetic + parasympathetic NS) - regulation of cardiac output/ heart rate Reflex centre - vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing Motor fibres Vasomotor centre - barrorecetprs - regulation of heart rate
32
Hemispheric Lateralisation
The right side of brain controls left side of body and left side of brain controls right side of bod Lateralisation - division of labour between the two hemisphere
33
Left Hemisphere
Responsible for: 1. General interpretation and speech centres (Wenricke, Broca) 2. Language skills 3. Cerebral dominance is left in 80% of people
34
Right hemisphere
Responsible for: Spatial awareness Analysis
35
Language formation areas
Broca's area Wenricke's area Found in left hemisphere of right handed individuals
36
Lesions to Broca's area or Wenricke's area
These are language formation areas in the left hemisphere of right handed individuals. Therefore, lesions can lead to failure to comprehend or speaking disorders
37
Corrosponding areas (to language formation areas) in the right hemisphere
Responsible for emotional responses to language. Lesions can lead to 1. Emotionless speech 2. Failure to understand jokes
38
Corpus Callosum
Sevral interconnecting neurones linking the two cerebral hemispheres. Majority of these neurones are found in corpus callosum Corpus Callosum cut as treatment for epilepsy This leads to split brain personality
39
Example of hemispheric assymetry
Superior motor coordination of right hand Most CNS structures are 1. Bilateral 2. Symmetrical
40
Split Brain Patient
1. If you show them image in left field of view they cannot name it: -Image seen on left field of view is only sent to right side of brain - Speech centre is in left side of brain -Communication between hemispheres inhibited If they touch an object with left hand without seeing it, they cannot name it: -Each cerebral hemisphere has a tactile representation of the opposite side of body -Speech centre is in left side of brain -Communication between hemispheres is inhibited
41
Alpha Waves
8-13 Hz - Regular + ryhtmic -Low amplitude -Synchronous Represent "idling" brain, wake but relaxed. Resting with eyes closed
42
Beta Waves
14-30 Hz - Less regular -Awake, alert, concentrating, anxious
43
Theta waves
4-7 Hz -Very irregular -Common in children, uncommon in adults - Trying to supress an action
44
Delta Waves
Less than 4 Hz HIGH AMPLITUDE WAVES "D" for Deep Sleep - Deep sleep - Reticular activating system = damped -Brain Damage -Anesthesia
45
State how brain waves are shown and studied
Scalp electrodes used on patient, produce EEG - electroencephalogram - measure brain wave activity Brain waves classed into groups based on frequency (alpha, beta, theta, delta)
46
State what a flat EEG indicates
Death
47
State which factors affect brain waves
1. Age 2. Sensory stimuli 3. Brain disease 4. Chemical state of the body
48
Explain consciousness
Consciouss perception of sensation Higher mental processing - judgement, memory Volunrary movement etc
49
What does a loss of conscious indicate?
Brain impairment / brain damage Loss of conscious is: -syncope (fainting)
50
State the effects of sleep deprivation
-reduces immune function -moody -depressed
51
Describe 3 sleep disorders
Narcolepsy -lapsing abrubrlt into sleep from the awake state Insomnia -chronic inability to obtain the amount of quality sleep needed Sleep apnoa -temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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