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1st yr-Med 2022-2023 > GHM L1 > Flashcards

GHM L1 Flashcards

1
Q

Macronutriens

A
  • Fats
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
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2
Q

Fat

A

Major constituent of membrane phospholipids
ESSENTIAL Precursors of eicosanoids

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3
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  1. Thromboxane
  2. Prostaglandins
  3. Prostacyclin
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4
Q

Carbs

A

ESSENTIAL Plant origin. Except lactose + small amount of glycogen

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5
Q

Essential

A

Something we cannot make ourselves

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6
Q

Amino Acids

A

Synthesising:

New proteins
Thyroid hormones
Neurotransmitters
Catecholamines

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7
Q

DIAGRAMS OF MACRONUTRIENTS

A

RECOGNISE THEM!!!!

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8
Q

What happens if we get too little fat in diet?

A

Fatty acids are essential
Failure in growth
Reproductive problems

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9
Q

What happens if we get too little carbs in diet?

A

Carbs not needed.

But, too little carbs leads to protein sparring effect.

This leads to acidosis. This where carbohydrate starvation leads to glycolysis to stop and lypolysis to start. This is to provide energy.

This leads to ketoacids being produced. This increases irrersible damage + acidity

Hypoglycemia - drop in blood sugar levels, fatigue

Muscle wasting - amino acids used up for energy

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10
Q

What happens if we get too little protein in diet?

A

Kwashiorkor

  • Very severe permananet intellectual disability
  • Severe oedema
  • Dermatitis
  • Liver enlargement
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11
Q

Marusmus

A

<60% of weight for age
Deficiency in calorie intake

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12
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

60-80% of weight for age
Oedema
Protein deficiecny

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13
Q

Marasmus Kwashiorkor

A

<60% of weight for age
Oedema

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14
Q

Underweight

A

60-80% of weight for age
No oedema

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15
Q

Malnutrition

A

Failure to thrive

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16
Q

Types of malnutrition

A
  1. Marasmus
  2. Kwashiorkor
  3. Marasmus Kwashiorkor
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17
Q

What happens if we get too much fat in diet?

A

CVD - Cardiovascular Disease

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18
Q

What happens if we get too much carbs in diet?

A

Diabetes Mellitus
Glucose Toxicity

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19
Q

What happens if we get too much protein in diet?

A
  • Some cancers
  • Calcium stones in Urinary Tract
    -Osteoperosis
    -Kidney disease
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20
Q

How can too much of all macronutrients cause obesity?

A

DIAGRAM L1

All macronutrients are eventually broken down into AcetylCoA

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21
Q

Body Fat %

A

New Born: 14% (male/female)
10 year old: male: 13% female: 19%
ADULT essential fat: male: 5% female: 13%
ADULY normal weight male: 15% female: 28%
Obese ADULT male: 25+ % female: 32+%

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22
Q

BMI (KG/M2)

A

<18.5: underweight
18.5-25: healthy
25-30: overweight
30-35: obese I
35-40: obese II
40>: OBESE III

23
Q

Why is obesity harmful?

A

Endocrinology (affects endocrine system) leading to:

-Diabetes Mellitus
-Polycistic Ovary Syndrome
-Infertility
-Menstrual Disorders

Gastrointestinal Problems:

-Fatty liver disease (2 types, AFLD, NAFDL)
-Non-alcoholic cirrhosis
-GERD
-Gall Stones

13 Cancers associated with being overweight + obesity

24
Q

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A

Causes cirrhosis im liver
Linked to soft drinks
Linked to insulin resistance

TREATMENT:

Anti-diabetic medication
Diet
Exercise
Bariatric surgery

25
Gall Stones
Crystallisation caused by excess cholestrol or lack of bile salts Symptoms: - Pain when gall bladder contracts - Blockage of bile duct leading to bile retention - Jaundice -Secondary infection by intestinal bacteria Risk Factors: - Obesity -Cirrhosis -Sickle cell disease Treatment: -Removal, dissolution, sonication of gallstones Non-vegetarian have 9x higher incidence
26
Gastro-oesophagul reflux disease (GORD)
Reflux of stomach contents from stomach into oesophagus. Causes pain + mucosl inflammation of oesophagus - oesophagitis Causes heart burn (restrosternal burning pain) when lying down / after a meal
27
Causes of GORD
- Sleep apnoea -Gallstones (i.e. failure to neutralise the gallstones) -Obesity -Transient relaxations of lower oesophagul sphincter
28
Non-pharmacological treatment for GORD
Ensure 2 hour gap between meal and sleep Elavate head during sleep Reduce Fat + alchohol intake
29
What factors influence energy requirements
1. Basal Metabolic Rate (KJ/Hour/Kg of body weight) 2. Physical activity 3. Growth, pregnancy, lactation 4. Muscle mass 5. Age BMR DECREASES WITH AGE 6. Environmental temp 7. Diet induced thermogenesis
30
Metabolic Syndrome
Where a patient has: 1. Cardiovascular disease 2. Type 2 Diabetes 3. High blood pressure 4. NAFLD 5. TOFI (thin outside, fat inisde)
31
Metabolic Syndrome Causes
Glycogen metabolised in different ways Fructose only metabolised in liver Small amount of fructose, when its metabolised, is used to produce glycogen in liver Large amounts of it is strored as fat therefore, too much fructose in diet can lead to metabolic syndrome This leads to NAFLD and insulin resistance Fructose safe to eat when in fruit / vegetables. The fibre is crucial.
32
Satiety
Sensation of being full
33
Hunger hormones
1. Ghrelin 2. Leptin
34
Leptin
Supress appetite by inhibiting release of neuropeptide Y Satiety is dependent on leptin + insulin Leptin signals state (fullness) of fat stores: -its plasma conc -reflects size of fat stores Insulin signals state (fullness) of carb stores
35
Ghrelin
Appetite stimulant When levels of leptin + insulin low, ghrelin + NPY released from stomach + hypothalamus
36
Risk factors for obesity
1. Less physical activity 4. Heavy alcohol consumption 5. Smoking cessation (quit smoking) 6. Bad sleep 7. Endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism) 8. Genetic factors (thrifty genes) 9. Drugs (steroids, anti-depressants) 10. Immobilising diseases (restrict movement) 11. Gut flora
37
Weight Loss Diets
1. Low Fat Diet 2. Low Carb Diet 3. Low Calorie Diet
38
Low Fat Diet
Fat intake 15% of total calorie intake - reduces calorie intake - Reduces risk of CVD - Small weight loss
39
Low Carb Diet
Carb intake 20% of total calories More effective at reducing fat mass More weight loss due to lower calorie intake
40
Low calorie diet
800kcal or less calorie intake - Rapid, substantial weight loss in obese patients with T2D -increases insulin sensitivity problems: -gallstones -constipation however, indicated for obese patients where healh risk of obesity is worse than the diet itself
41
Drugs for weight loss + obesity
LOSTI Leptin - Does not work due to leptin resistance in obese patients Orlistat - reduces fat absorption Sibutramine - increases seratonin conc, decreases appetite, now withdrawn Thyroid Hormone Treatment - Danger of death Insulin - Danger of death, does not work due to insulin resistance in obese patients
42
Surgey for weight loss
SSLR Stomach banding Stomach stapling Liposuction Resection of intestine PROBLEM: DIFFICULT AFTERCARE HIGH RISK
43
Too much Vitamin A
1. Increased bone turnover (leads to osteoperosis + spontaneous bone fractures) 2. Hair loss, mouth ulcers
44
Too less Vitamin A
1. Hyperkeratosis - abnormal thickening of outerlayer of skin 2. Nightblindness
45
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
46
Too much Vitamin B1
Drowsiness
47
Too less Vitamin B1
- Wenricke-Korsakov Syndrome (pyschosis) -BeriBeri - affects peripheral nervous system, leads to problems walking, therefore, leads to paralysis
48
Osteoporosis
Condition that weakens bones, makes them fragile + more likely to break
49
Too much vitamin D
- Calcium stones -Hypercalcemia -Bone pain
50
Too less vitamin D
- Osteoperosis - Rickets -Asthma + other inflammotry coniditions
51
Vitamin C function
Collagen synthesis
52
Too much Vitamin C
kidney stones
53
Too little vitamin C
Scurvy Mucous membrane bleeding Open wounds Lose gums Lose teeth death from bleeding all of this = fatigue

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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