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1st yr-Med 2022-2023 > GHM L2 > Flashcards

GHM L2 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the position of the hypothalamus

A

Located below the thalamus, between the midbrain + optic chiasm

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2
Q

What is the thickness of hypothalamus?

A

3-4mm thick
Size of almond

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3
Q

What are the inputs of hypothalamus?

A
  1. Somatosensory
  2. Taste
  3. Smell
  4. Limbic system
  5. Retina
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4
Q

What factors does the hyothalamus sensor?

A

Hormones
BP
Temp

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5
Q

What are the functions of hypothalamus?

A

Regulation of body temp

Regulation of autonomic nervous system

Regulation of emotional responses

Regulartion of hunger

Regulation of growth

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6
Q

Give 2 nuclei of hypothalamus and state their functions

A
  1. PVN: Paraventricular nucleus. Responsible for
    -Stress reponse
    -Food intake
    -Thyroid regulation
    -Osmoregulation

SON: Supraoptic nucleus. Responsible for
-Blood pressure
-Osmoregulation
-Lactation
-Parturition

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7
Q

Give 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A
  1. Liberins - releasing hormones
  2. Statins - inhibiting hormones
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8
Q

How are releasing + inhibiting hormones transported from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland?

A

They are transported directly only to anterioir pituitary gland via hypothalamic hypophyseal portal vein

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9
Q

What is the role of releasing hormones produced by hypothalamus?

A

Control of other hormones by stimulating release.

“turn on”

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10
Q

What is the role of inhibiting hormones produced by hypothalamus?

A

Control of other hormones by inhibiting release

“turn off”

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11
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Located in hypophyseal fossa in sphenoid bone
Pea sized

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the pituitary gland

A

Pituitary - hypophysis

Anterior pituitary gland - ADENOHYPOHISIS

Posterioir pituitary gland NEUROHYPHISIS

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the anterioir pituitary gland?

A

The adenohyphysis

  1. Pars tuberalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars distalis
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14
Q

Describe the structure of the posterioir pituitary gland?

A
  1. Pars nervosa
  2. Infundibular stalk
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15
Q

Sate the function of pars tuberalis

A

Reception for endocrine signals

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16
Q

State the function of pars intermedia

A

Sheath between the anterioir + posterior pituiatry gland. Small in humans

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17
Q

State the function of pars distalis

A

Hormone production

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18
Q

State the function of pars nervosa

A

Storage of OT (oxytocin) and ADH

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19
Q

State the function of infundibular stalk

A

Connecting bridge between hypothalmus and hypophysis (pituitary gland)

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of hormone secreting cells in the anterioir pituitary gland (adenohypohysis) and what hormones do they secrete?

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A
  1. Somatotropes - growth hormone - bone + muscle tissue
  2. Lactotropes - Prolactin - breasts
  3. Gonadotropes - FSH, LH - ovaries, testes
  4. Corticotropes - adrenocorticotropin - adrenal cortex
  5. Thyrotropes - thyroid stimulating hormone - to the thyroids
21
Q

Which two hormones are secreted by cells in the posterior pituitary gland?

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A

Oxytocin - breasts
ADH - kidneys

22
Q

Thyroid disorders

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A

Change in conc of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). This affects metabolism, which affects activity levels.

Usually caused by tumours

Can lead to:

Hypothyrodism - Hashimoto’s thyrodism
Hyperthyrodism - Grave’s dosease
GOITRE

23
Q

Give 3 examples of adrenocorticotropins

Study These Flashcards
A

CORALDA -COR-ALD-A

Adrenocotrical hormones:

  1. Cortisol
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Androgens
24
Q

State the function of cortisol

Study These Flashcards
A

-Carbohydrate metabolism
-Stress response

25
State the function of aldosterone
Salt regulation Water homeostasis - osmoregulation
26
State the function of androgen
Male seconday sex characteristics Virilization in females
27
Describe the corticotropin releasing hormone pathway
Corticotropin releasing hormone is produced in the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. It is relased into the anterior postiuitary gland. Here, it stimulates corticotropes to release adrenocorticotropins Adrenocotricotropins are secreted in adrenal cortex where they stimulate production of -cortisol -aldosterone -androgen -glucocorticoids -mineralcorticoids
28
Describe the physiological actions of cortisol
Cortisol is released in a diurnal rythm. This is good for seasonal breeding of animals Cortisol - glucose metabolism. It increases synthesis of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis in liver - anabolic It increases break down of fat + muscle tissue to release energy - catabolic Net effect - higher levels of glucose (hyperglycemia) Peak of cortisol releaese: 6-8 am Lowest - midnight Fluctuates after a meal
29
Describe "Cushing's Disease" and state the causes
- Too high cortisol levels - Adrenal tumour, pituitary tumour, lung tumour LAP LUNG ADRENAL PITUITARY LAP IS A CUSHION
30
How does aldosterone regulate salt levels in the human body?
Aldosterone is a primary mineralcorticoid It controls the conc of Na+ + K+ in the epithelial cells, it also controls movement of Na + + K+ out of TARGET epithelial cells It stimulates active transport of Na+ into epithelial cells of distal convuluted tubules Aldosterone increases the number of Na+ channels in the apical membrane Aldosterone also increases the number of Na/K ATPase molecules
31
State 2 aldosterone disorders
1. Addision's disease 2. Hyperaldosteronism
32
State a cause of Addision's disease
1. Inadequate amount of mineralcorticoid - aldosterone
33
State symtoms/effects of Addision's disease
1. Low BP 2. Hyperpigmentation of skin
34
State a cause of hyperaldosteronism disease
Too much aldosterone
35
State symtoms/effects of hyperaldosteronism
1. High BP 2. Hypopigmentation of skin
36
Where is growth hormone produced?
Somatotropes in anterioir pituitary gland
37
Explain the functions of growth hormone
1. Direct function Diabetigenic Opposes insulin action Lypolytic in fat Gluconeogenic in muscle Indirect Function Stimulates release of IGF-1 FROM LIVER, this leads to growth of bone tissue, lipolysis, protein synthesis in muscle
38
Describe what happens when we have too much growth hormone
ACROMEGALY overgrowth of bony areas CAUSED BY anterior pituitary tumor
39
Describe what happens when we have too little growth hormone
Dwarfism in infants
40
Describe the control of the posterior pituitary gland
Neurones which control posterior pituitary found in the 1. PVN 2. SON These neurones send neural projectoons down infundibular stalk Cause POSTERIOIR PITUITARY (PARS NERVOSA) TO Secrete ADH, oxytocin directly into blood stream
41
Describe the effect of high ADH
- Collecting ducts more permeable to water. therefore, HYPEROSMOTIC urine
42
What factors determine ADH release
Blood vol detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus - they detect osmolarity of blood
43
State the name of the carrier protein which transports ADH to posterior pituitary
NEUROPHYSIN II
44
Where are ADH receptors found?
- Kidney - Pituitary - Brain - Blood vessels -Platelets -Gonads -Tumours
45
What are the 3 type of ADH receptors?
V1a, V1B V2 -G protein coupled receptors
46
Where is oxytocin synthesised?
PVN, SON (hypothalamus)
47
State the name of the carrier protein which transports oxytocin to posterior pituitary
Neurophysin I
48
Functions of oxytocin
-Lactation -Partuition -Maternal behaviour

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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