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1st yr-Med 2022-2023 > GHM L4 > Flashcards

GHM L4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of the digestive system

A
  1. Mouth / oral cavity
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Pharnyx
  5. Spleen
  6. Stomach
  7. Liver
  8. Kidney
  9. Pancreas
  10. Small Intestine
  11. Large Intestine
  12. Gallbladder
  13. Anus
  14. Oesophagus
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2
Q

State the functions of the small intestine

A
  1. Completes digestion of food with aid of liver + pancreatic secretions
  2. Absorption of nutrients + minerals into body
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3
Q

Describe the structure of the small intestine

A

Ileum
Jejunum
Duodenum

Small intestine is long but due to muscle tone, is short in human stomach

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4
Q

What is “motility” in the small intestine?

A

Modes of contractions in the small intestine

  1. Segmentation
  2. Peristalsis
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5
Q

Describe segmentation

A

Mode of contraction found in small intestine, large intestine, predominates in small intestine

Non-adjescent alimentary tract organs contract + relax ALTERNATELY which allows this bidirectional movement of chyme

Bi-directional movement of chyme, for mixing not transport

Increases mixing + absorption

Involunary

Initiated by intrinsic pacemaker cells

Duodenum more active than ileum, slow propulsion

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6
Q

Describe peristalsis

A

Mode of contraction found in oesophagus, small intestine, large intestine + rectum

Contraction of circular + longitudinal smooth muscle in coordination to move chyme distally

Adjascent alimentary tract organs contract + relax alternately to move chyme distally along tract

Involuntary

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7
Q

Describe the functions of motilin

A

Motilin is released by duodenum + stimulates gastric emptying between meals

This stimulates peristaltic waves successively and distally

This leads to MCC - Migrating Motor Complex which is the “tummy rumble” - removal of indigestable food

MCC originates in stomach + duodenum

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8
Q

State the name of the valve between the small intestine and large intestine

A

Ileoceacal valve

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9
Q

State two factors which stimulate the opening of the ileoceacal valve

A
  1. Gastroileal REFLEX
  2. Gastrin secretion by parietal cells in stomach

(when terminal end of ileum under pressure)

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10
Q

What stimulates the release of motilin in the duodenum?

A

pH / change in pH

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11
Q

Describe how the small intestine is innervated

A

Sympathetic nerves:

  1. Splanchnic nerves
  2. Thoracic nerves

Parasympathetic Nerves:

  1. Vagus nerve
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12
Q

Describe how impulses are relayed in the small intestine

A

Impulses are relayed by

  1. Superior mesenteric plexus
  2. Celiac plexus
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13
Q

Describe what happens during parasympathetic excitation

A

Parasympathetic activation - rest & digest

  1. Increase digestive secretions, increase motility, increases salivation
  2. No sympathetic excitation
  3. Dilation of arteries in mesentery
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14
Q

Which artery supples blood to the small intestine

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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15
Q

Which veins drains blood from the small intestine

A

Superior mesenteric vein, which reaches the HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM

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16
Q

What factors increase blood flow to the intestines?

A
  1. Parasympathetic stimulation
  2. Feeding / taking in food
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17
Q

What factors constrict blood flow to the intestines?

A
  1. Sympathetic stimulation
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18
Q

What controls blood flow within the intestines?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Local hormones
  3. Fatty acids

All REGULATED by ANS

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19
Q

State the function of the lesser omentum

A

Lesser omentum - attaches the liver to lesser curvature of stomach

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20
Q

What are the mesenteries of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. Greater omentum
  2. Transverse mesocolon
  3. Sigmoidal mesocolon
  4. Lesser omentum
  5. Mesentery
  6. Parietal peritoneum
  7. Visceral peritoneum
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21
Q

Describe the anatomy of the duodenum

A

Most short + straight section of small intestine

From pyloric sphincter to duodenal - jejunal junction

Retroperistoneal, static

Most active site of absorption

Connects to liver via lesser omentum

Connects to hepatopancreatic ampulla (bile duct + pancreatic duct)

C-shaped, wraps around pancreas

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22
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

Disease of duodenum

Autoimmune disease

Caused by reaction to gliadin, a gluten protein

Involves tissue transglutaminase

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23
Q

State symptoms of coeliac disease

A

Grey, greasy, large stools

Anaemia, fatigue

Vitamin deficiency

Failure to thrive

Lactose intolerance

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24
Q

What diseases can coeliac disease get confused with?

A
  1. IBS - irritable bowel syndrome
  2. Wheat allergy
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25
When is someone likely to get coeliac disease?
Onset infant onwards
26
Describe the structure and function of the ileum and jujenum
Specialised for absorption Intraperitoneal Suspended in loops from posterior abdominal wall
27
How is the surface area of the small intestine increased?
1. Villi 2. Circular folds (slow down chyme movement)
28
Describe the anatomy of a villus
1. Absorptive cells 2. Goblet cell 3. Lacteal / lymphatic vessel 4. Blood capillaries 5. Microvilli 6. Duodenal glands 7. Enteroendocrine cells 8. Intestinal crypt
29
State the function of goblet cells in villi
Produce mucus
30
State the function of absorptive cells
Enterocytes Have microvilli
31
Where are goblet cells more commonly found?
More numerous in distill end of small intestine
32
Describe the structure and function of intestinal crypts
Tubular glands The epithelial cells of intestinal crypts secrete intestinal juice
33
What stimulates the epithelial cells of the intestinal crypts to secrete intestinal juice?
Acidic chyme
34
Where are intestinal crypts more commonly found in small intestine?
Proximal end of small intestine (jejunum)
35
Describe intestinal juice and its function
pH 7.4 - 7.8 1-2 litres secreted daily Contains molecular digested food products for absorption Does not contain enzymes
36
What is the role of enteroendocrine cells?
Secrete enterogastrone hormones including 1. CCK (cholecystokinin) (release stimulated by fats + proteins) 2. Secretin - inhibit gastric acid, stimulates release of bicarbonates Release T cells (intraepithelial lymphocytes), which releaee cytokines when exposed to antigens
37
Describe the location and function of paneth cells
Found deep in intestinal crypt Secrete antimicrobial peptides: -lysozymes -defensins Kill harmful bacteria, allow friendly bacteria to colonise
38
Describe small intestine cell renewal
Stem cell daughter cells differentiate into: -absorptive cells -enteroendocrine cells -goblet cells -paneth cells Old cells removed by apoptosis Aftet apoptosis, squammting cells shedd the epithelial layer of villi Villi epithium replaced every 2-4 days
39
Describe the location of stem cells in the small intestine
Deep at the base of intestinal crypt
40
Desribe the location and function of the duodenal glands
Found in submucosas of duoednum Produce alkaline mucos (contains bicarbonate) to neutralise stomach acid
41
State the cause of a duodenal ulcer
Inadequate mucus production from duodenal glands
42
What is the alternative name for the duodenal gland?
Brunner's gland
43
State 3 functions of the large intestine
1. Reabsorption of water from indigested food 2. Absorption of metabolites from bacteria 3. Removal of faeces
44
Describe the positioning of the large intestine
Wraps around small intestine as three sides of a square Extends from ileocaecal valve to anus
45
Describe the anatomy of the large intestine
1. Transverse Colon 2. Ascending colon 3. Descending colon 4. Sigmoid colon 5. Rectum 6. Anal canal 7. Vermiform appendix 8. Cecum
46
Which arteries supply the large intestine with blood?
Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery
47
Which veins drain the large intestine?
Inferioir mesenteric vein - splenic vein - superior mesenteric vein - hepatic portal system
48
Name the branches of superior mesenteric artery
RIIM Right colic artery Intestinal artery Ileocolic artery Middle colic artery
49
Name the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery
RS Left colic artery Superior rectal artery Sigmoidal arteries
50
What is the function of the rectum?
Temporary storage of faeces
51
Describe why a patient may suffer from constipation
Defecation does not happen / delayed Faeces returned to colon More water absorption occurs
52
State the function of the rectal valve
Prevent faeces moving with flatus
53
Why may a patient suffer from haemarrhoids
Haemarrhoid veins inflammed
54
State the function of anul sinuses
Release mucus when compressed
55
Describe the anatomy of the rectum and anal canal
Rectal valve Haemarrhoidal veins Pectinate line Anal sinuses
56
Which nerve fibres surround the pectinate line
Visceral sensory fibres - ANS Somatic sensory fibres
57
Describe the mucosa of large intestine
Thick mucosa, lots of intestinal crypts, goblet cells Colon + Rectum made of simple columnar epithelium Anal canal - 3 types of epithelium: Simple columnar epithelium Stratified squammous epithelium Stratified squamomous keratanised epithelium No enzymatic secreting cells, no villi, no circular folds
58
What are "flora" of the large intestine
Symbiotic Bacteria
59
Describe symbiotic functions of bacteria in large intestine
Synthesis of vitmains B and K Metabolises certain secretions - mucin Ferments carbs (cellulose) producing flatus
60
List the contents of faeces
1. Undigestable food 2. Water 3. Mucus 4. Bacteria
61
Why is faeces brown?
Contains stercobilin - bile pigement Produced as a product of haemoglobin breakdown Without, faeces would be pale white
62
State the 2 types of motilities which occur in the large intestines
Mode of contractions 1. Mass movement / contractions 2. Pocket / haustral contractions
63
Describe mass movement in the large intestine
Slow, long distace Involves large regions of the colon Peristalsis Dietry fibre aids this type of motility
64
Describe haustall contraction in the large intestine
"pocket movement" Involves only one haustum Slow, short distance Segmentation, mixing of food, aids water reabsorption Propelling food from one haustum to the next
65
Exactly where in the large intestine does haustal contraction take place
Ascending, transverse colon
66
When does mass movement / contraction take place in large intestine
After eating meal - this leads to gastroileal reflex which causes the motility
67
When does haustral contraction take place in large intestine
as a reaction to distension

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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