body wall

Question 1

external surface of the organisms, composed of ectoderm and mesoderm

Answer 1

body wall

Question 2

thoracic body wall

Answer 2

surrounds thoracic cavity and organs

Question 3

abdominal cavity

Answer 3

surrounds the abdominal (peritoneal cavity) and organs

Question 4

the limbs, scrotum, and breasts are part of the

Answer 4

body wall

Question 5

the body wall is accessory to

Answer 5

somites

Question 6

what are muscles of the thoracic body wall

Answer 6

-intercostal muscles: external, internal, and innermost
-diaphragm
-serratus posterior superior
-serratus posterior inferior

Question 7

thoracic muscles
describe the intercostal muscles

Answer 7

external: elevate the rib cage during inspiration
internal: depress the rib cage during expiration.
innermost: discontinuous, expiratory, decrease the volume of the ribcage

Question 8

thoracic muscles
diaphragm

Answer 8

broad muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity, chief respiratory muscle, flattens as it contracts to increase the volume to the thoracic cavity

Question 9

thoracic muscles
serratus posterior superior

Answer 9

elevates the ribs, mostly proprioceptive in function

Question 10

thoracic muscles
serratus posterior inferior

Answer 10

depress ribs, proprioreceptive in function

Question 11

describe the other muscles of the thoracic body wall that do not have a function relating to the thoracic cavity

Answer 11

-pectoralis major
-pectoralis minor
-serratus anterior
-innervated by branches of brachial plexus, move the upper limbs

Question 12

what are the muscles present in the abdominal wall

Answer 12

1. external oblique: lateral
2. internal oblique: lateral
3. transverse oblique: lateral
   -rectus abdominus: medial

Question 13

what are the layers of the abdominal body wall

Answer 13

1.skin
2.carpers fascia- adipose CT
3. scarpas fascia- aereolar CT
4. external oblique
5.internal oblique
6. transverse abdominis
7. transversalis fascia
8. extraperitoneal fat
9. parietal peritoneum: serous cavity
10. rectus abdominis

Question 14

what are the two vessels of the anterolateralabdominal body wall

Answer 14

-superior epigastric vessels: branches of internal thoracic vessels
-inferior epigastric vessels: branches of external iliac muscles

Question 15

describe the pathway of the abdominal vessels

Answer 15

use the body wall to travel around it to reach the ventral side, very thin and small, have poor anterior blood supply

Question 16

abdominal muscles
external oblique

Answer 16

-superficial muscle on the lateral side
-attachment: pelvis and ribs
-direction: fibers run superomedially, up and in or down and out. \\///
-action: flex and rotate the trunk, work with internal oblique, can bend on right or left side. when both fire at the same time they can bend forward

Question 17

abdominal muscles
internal oblique

Answer 17

-attachment: pelvis and ribs
-direction: fibers run perpendicular to the external oblique, ///\\
-action: flex and rotates the trunk, works with external oblique

Question 18

abdominal muscles
transverse abdominis

Answer 18

-attachment: has very little skeletal attachment
-direction: fibers run horizontally
-actions: no skeletal movement, keeps organs compressed

Question 19

abdominal muscles
rectus abdominis

Answer 19

-attachment: pubic symphosis inferiorly and xiphoid process, and costal cartilages 5-6 superiorly
-paired muscles separated by linea alba
-contained within rectus sheath+ fused aponeuroses of 3 flat abdominal muscles
-direction: vertical up and down
-actions: flex the trunk, stabilize, and control the tilt of the pelvis. bends anteriorly

Question 20

what are the major functions of the muscles in the abdomen

Answer 20

-support abdominopelvic contents
-protect abdominal viscera
-compress viscera to maintain or increase intra-abdominal pressure
-generate force necessary for defecation, micturition, and parturition
-produce anterior and lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk: helps with posture maintenance

Question 21

inguinal canal

Answer 21

-passage formed in relation to gonadal descent during fetal development

Question 22

where does the inguinal canal extend from?

Answer 22

extends from deep inguinal ring (entrance) to superficial inguinal ring (exit)

Question 23

inguinal canal
-deep ring

Answer 23

formed by evagination of transversalis facia

Question 23

inguinal canal
-superficial ring

Answer 23

external oblique aponeruosis

Question 23

what are the contents of the inguinal canal

Answer 23

spermatic cord in males round ligament of uterus in females blood lymphatic vessels ilioinguinal nerve

Question 24

describe the male inguinal canal

Answer 24

testes must pass through body wall via inguinal canal to scrotum -guided by a gubernaculum -testis descend: behind an evagination of peritoneum: processus vaginalis

Question 25

gonads in both sexes originate from what part of the body wall?

Answer 25

dorsal body wall of lumbar region

Question 26

describe the female inguinal canal

Answer 26

-ovaries descend behind fetal development but only to pelvis level. each ovary is guided by a gubernaculum. -gubernaculum: becomes a round ligament of uterus and ovarian ligaments -female inguinal canal: contrains round ligament of uterus and ilioinguinal nerve

Question 27

hernia

Answer 27

a protrusion of abdominal contents out of abdominal cavity through a weak point in muscles abdominal wall. -common: parietal peritoneum, parts of small intestine, and greater amentum

Question 28

hernia sites:

Answer 28

-inguinal (above inguinal element) -femoral (femoral canal) -diaphragmatic -diaphram -lumbar (lumbar triangle) -umbilical (amphalocele)

Question 29

direct congenital- inguinal hernia

Answer 29

-frequency: more common -viscera pass lateral to epigastric vessels -exit: from anterior abdominal wall; via the superficial inguinal ring inside the spermatic cord, commonly passing into scrotum/labium majus -predisposing factors: a patent processes vaginalis in younger patients, mostly males

Question 30

direct acquired inguinal hernia:

Answer 30

-frequency: less common -viscera bulge through the abdominal wall; medial to inferior epigastric vessels -exit from abdominal wall: herniating bowel passes via superficial inguinal ring lateral to spermatic cord; rarely enters scrotum -predisposing factors: weakness of anterior abdominal wall in inguinal triangle

Question 31

location of abdominal surgical incisions

Answer 31

type of orientation, location of organs, bony cartilage boundaries, avoid motor nerves, maintain blood supply, minimize injuries to muscles and fascia

Question 32

goal of surgical incisions

Answer 32

split muscles between fibers rather than transcet muscles -overlapping areas of innervation allow cutting, no sensory or motor loss

Question 33

breasts

Answer 33

features to the body wall, situated superficial to the underlying skeletal muscle

Question 34

breasts -nipple

Answer 34

opening in the body wall through which milk is secreted

Question 35

breasts -areola

Answer 35

pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

Question 36

breasts -suspensory ligaments

Answer 36

CT that run from the underlying skeletal muscle to the overlying skin and support the breasts

Question 37

breasts -lobules

Answer 37

tissue composed of simple cuboidal epithelial; milk secreting cellsd

Question 38

breasts lactiferous ducts

Answer 38

milk passes from alveoli in the lobules through larger ducts until it reaches lactiferous ducts

Question 39

breasts lactiferous sinus

Answer 39

milk accumulates during nursing

Question 40

scrotum

Answer 40

outpuching of the body wall -has the same layers just different names

Question 41

development fo the scrotum

Answer 41

develops from an embryological feature called the labio scrotal swelling -contains the fascial and muscular layers homologus to the abdominal body wall

Question 42

scrotum dartos muscle

Answer 42

corrugates and wrinkles the skin of the scrotum

Question 43

scrotum cremaster muscle

Answer 43

elevates the testis