week 1

Question 1

gross anatomical level

Answer 1

examination of structures visible to the naked eye

Question 2

histological level

Answer 2

microscopic level of analysis

Question 3

what are the major branches of anatomy

Answer 3

-regional: structures in a single region are examined as a group
-systemic: focus on all organs and structures that share a common function
-surface: the study of shapes and landmarks on the surface of the body that
reveal underlying structures

Question 4

other branches of anatomy

Answer 4

-embryology: study of formation and development of structures before birth.
-pathological: structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by a disease
-cross-sectional: examine
-functional morphology: functional properties of body structures and asses the efficiency of their design.
-comparative anatomy: compare structures between organisms.
-radiographic anatomy

Question 5

x-rays:

Answer 5

used for visualizing bones, locating abnormally dense structures. cheap and easy. can be blurry, not 3D and uses radiation

Question 6

CT scan

Answer 6

soft structures are better represented. takes multiple pictures, provides a better diagnosis. does use radiation.

Question 6

angiosonography:

Answer 6

provides images of cardiac vessels. a contrast medium is inserted into bloodstream and distributed by the vascular system. followed by scanning to decipher the image.

Question 6

PET:

Answer 6

position emission tomography; detects radioisotopes in the body, regions of cellular activity. used heavily in oncology to assess tumor site, growth rates, and distribution. indicates the bodies most active cells and regions with greatest blood supply

Question 7

sonography

Answer 7

ultra sound; body is examined with pulses of high frequency sound eaves that echo off tissues, echos generate organ outline. safe and inexpensive

Question 7

MRI

Answer 7

provides high contrast images of soft tissues. detects hydrogen levels- distinction between tissues based on different water contents. is the best image.

Question 8

what is the hierarchy of structural organization?

Answer 8

chemical level-cellular level
-tissue-organ-organ system-organismal level

Question 9

what are the 6 features humans share with all other vertebrates?

Answer 9

-tube within a tube body plan
-bilateral symmetry
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-notochord and vertebrae
-segmentation
-pharyngeal arches

Question 10

what are defining characteristics of mammals:

Answer 10

-mammary glands
-thermoregulating organisms
-hair or fur bearing
-neocortex
-intensive care for young
-three middle ear bones

Question 11

features of primates:

Answer 11

-large brains
-visual acuity
-color vision
-shoulder girdle: circumduction

Question 12

body cavities

Answer 12

protected areas inside the body that contain and support a variety of internal organs

Question 13

what are the two general subdivisions of body cavities

Answer 13

• dorsal body cavity: located posteriorly; cranial cavity and spinal column
• ventral body cavity:
  – thoracic cavity: pleural cavity. mediastinum: heart and lungs. pericardial cavity: heart and roots of the great.
  –abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal: digestive viscera. pelvic cavity: organs of the urinary and reproductive systems.

Question 14

anatomical position:

Answer 14

-standing erect or lying down in supine position, penis erect
-head eyes, and toes directed anteriorly.
-upper limbs are at the sides with palms facing anteriorly
-lower limbs are together with feet directed anteriorly

Question 15

orbital

Answer 15

eye

Question 16

buccal

Answer 16

cheek

Question 17

mental

Answer 17

chin

Question 18

cervical

Answer 18

neck

Question 19

axillary

Answer 19

armpit

Question 20

brachial

Answer 20

arm

Question 21

antibrachial

Answer 21

forearm

Question 22

carpal

Answer 22

wrist

Question 23

sternal

Answer 23

sternum

Question 24

umbilical

Answer 24

belly

Question 25

femoral

Answer 25

anterior thigh

Question 26

patella

Answer 26

knee

Question 27

crural

Answer 27

front of leg

Question 28

tarsal

Answer 28

ankle

Question 29

otic

Answer 29

ear

Question 30

occipital

Answer 30

back of the skull

Question 31

vertebral

Answer 31

vertebral column

Question 32

scapular

Answer 32

shoulder

Question 33

lumbar

Answer 33

back

Question 34

sacral

Answer 34

lower back

Question 35

gluteal

Answer 35

glutes

Question 36

popliteal

Answer 36

posterior to the knee

Question 37

sural

Answer 37

calf

Question 38

calcaneal

Answer 38

heal

Question 39

sagittal plane

Answer 39

a vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the median plane (through either the right or left half of the body).

Question 40

coronal (frontal) plane:

Answer 40

a vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections

Question 41

median (midsagittal) plane:

Answer 41

the vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

Question 42

transverse plane

Answer 42

plane that passes through the body at right angles to the median and coronal planes, dividing it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections

Question 43

superior (cranial)

Answer 43

closer to the head or upper part of the body; above

Question 44

inferior (caudal)

Answer 44

away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure of a body; below

Question 45

anterior (ventral) -ventral: embryos

Answer 45

toward or at the front of the body; in front

Question 46

posterior (dorsal) -dorsal: embryo

Answer 46

toward or at the back of the body; behind

Question 47

medial

Answer 47

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Question 48

lateral

Answer 48

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side

Question 49

proximal

Answer 49

closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 50

distal

Answer 50

farther from the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 51

superficial (external)

Answer 51

toward or at the body surface

Question 52

deep (internal)

Answer 52

away from the body surface, more internal

Question 53

ipsilateral

Answer 53

on the same side

Question 54

contralateral

Answer 54

on opposite sides

Question 55

flexion

Answer 55

bending action that decreases the angle between two bones, brings them close together.

Question 56

extension

Answer 56

a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts

Question 57

hyperextension

Answer 57

bending a joint beyond its straight position

Question 58

abduction

Answer 58

moving a body part away from the median plane in the coronal plane -ab: away body

Question 59

adduction

Answer 59

moving a body part towards the median plane in the coronal plane

Question 60

cirumduction

Answer 60

moving a limb or a dinger so it describes a cone shape in space

Question 61

inversion

Answer 61

medial rotation of the sole; toes in

Question 62

eversion

Answer 62

lateral rotation of the sole; toes outside

Question 63

plantar flexion

Answer 63

depression of the foot; toes down

Question 64

dorsiflexion

Answer 64

elevation of the foot; toes up

Question 65

pronation

Answer 65

medial rotation of the forearm so the pal faces posteriorly- criss cross

Question 66

supination

Answer 66

lateral rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly- parallel

Question 67

protaction

Answer 67

anterior movement of the mandible- outward

Question 68

retraction

Answer 68

posterior movement of the mandible- inward