cariovascular system

Question 1

functions

Answer 1

distribution of oxygen, nutrients, and thermoregulation (maintain a stable temp and distrubute

Question 2

4 types of vessels

Answer 2

arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels and capillaries

Question 3

arteries

Answer 3

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the bodies tissues

Question 4

veins

Answer 4

carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from capillary beds, there are some exceptions

Question 5

3 tunics (coats) of circulatory vessels

Answer 5

-tunica intima: thin endothelial lining, simple squamous; inner layer
-tunica media: middle smooth muscle layer
-tunica adventitia: outer CT coat, common, on the outside

Question 6

thick layer of smooth muscle (tunica medina) is associated with

Answer 6

an artery

Question 7

thin layer of smooth muscle (tunica medina) is associated with

Answer 7

a vein

Question 8

what are the three types of arteries:

Answer 8

1. large elastic
2. medium muscular
3. small arteries and arterioles

Question 9

arteries:
large elastic

Answer 9

many elastic layers allow expansion when the heart contracts.
ex. aorta and its arch branches

Question 10

arteries
medium muscular

Answer 10

ability to vasoconstruct regulates blood flow to different parts of the body as required, distributes; have smooth muscle; ANS

Question 11

arteries
small arteries and arterioles

Answer 11

narrow lumina and thick muscular
-ex. found everywhere

Question 12

veins

Answer 12

have thinner walls compared to companion arteries due to lower blood pressure in the venous system; variable and frequent anastomoses are present

Question 13

smallest veins and venules

Answer 13

form plexus

Question 14

medium veins in limbs

Answer 14

have two mechanisms that encourage blood flow back to heart
-valves: permit blood flow toward the heart, stops blood from dropping further
-muscolovenous pump: next to large muscles, contract and squeeze veins

Question 15

large veins

Answer 15

wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle and a well-d tunica and adventitia developed. ex SVS and IVC

Question 16

capillaries

Answer 16

simple endothelial tubes: connection between arterial venous sides of circulation. between soft tissues, lymp beds

Question 17

capillaries arranged in network:

Answer 17

capillary beds between arterioles and venules

Question 18

function of capillaries

Answer 18

follow the exchange of O2 nutrients and other cellular materials with surrounding tissues.

Question 19

arteriovenous anastromeses (AV)

Answer 19

shunts permit blood to bypass the capillaries, numerous in the skin, conserve body heat. close themselves

Question 20

what are the two types of capillaries

Answer 20

continuous and sinusoidal

Question 21

capillaries
continuous

Answer 21

most common type, formed of tight junctions (desmosomes), small molecules are forced to pass between capillaries at intracellular clefts between membranes, found everywhere

Question 22

capillaries
sinusoidal

Answer 22

rare, wider and leaky capillaries that allow the transfer of molecules that are larger
-present in the lymph system

Question 23

what are the major vascular systems

Answer 23

pulmonary, systemic, azygous, and hepatic

Question 24

pulmonary circulation

Answer 24

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the respiratory surfaces for oxygenation and back into the heart for distribution to the body.
-right ventricle-pulmonary trunk (arteries)-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium

Question 25

systemic circulation

Answer 25

takes oxygenated blood to body tissues-deoxygenated blood with CO2 to heart-back to lungs -associated with the left side of the heart and has higher pressure -associated with all arteries in the body except those that travel to the lungs for oxygenated purposes and veins

Question 26

arteries arise from the aorta: 4 parts

Answer 26

-ascending aorta -aortic arch -descending thorax and abdominal aorta

Question 27

4 parts of aorta ascending aorta

Answer 27

right and left coronary arteries (supply the heart)

Question 28

4 parts of aorta aortic arch

Answer 28

arteries to the head, neck, and upper limbs

Question 29

4 parts of aorta descending thorax and abdominal aorta

Answer 29

arteries to the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

Question 30

systemic circulation takes deox blood to the heart by 3 major veins

Answer 30

-superior vena cava -inferior vena cava -coronary sinus

Question 31

systemic circulation; 3 major veins SVC

Answer 31

drains the head and upper limbs

Question 32

systemic circulation; 3 major veins IVC

Answer 32

drains the thorax, abdomen, and lower limbs

Question 33

systemic circulation; 3 major veins coronary sinus

Answer 33

drains the wall of the heart

Question 34

what is the function of azygous venous systems

Answer 34

drains blood from the thoracic wall and some thoracic viscera into the SVC and includes 3 unpaired vessels

Question 35

what are the three unpaired vessels in the azygous systems

Answer 35

-azygous: right side -hemiazygos: left side -accessory hemiazygos vein: left side

Question 36

describe the right side azygous system

Answer 36

intercostal vein-azygous vein-SVC

Question 37

describe the left side azygous system

Answer 37

intercostal vein-hemiazygos vein-azygous- SVC

Question 38

what is the function of the hepatic portal venous system

Answer 38

relays digestive products from the stomach and intestines, and red blood cell products to the liver for processing

Question 39

hepatic venous system -hepatic portal vein

Answer 39

deoxy nutrient rich blood is drained into this vein to reach the liver for processing, detoxification and storage

Question 40

hepatic venous system -processed blood is conveyed into the

Answer 40

systemic venous circuit by the hepatic veins that drain into the IVC

Question 41

hepatic venous system is formed by

Answer 41

superior mesenteric, splenic, and inferior mesenteric veins -join to form the hepatic portal vein

Question 42

what are vascular anastomoses

Answer 42

neighboring vessels connect with one another; plexus like

Question 43

what is the importance of anastomeses

Answer 43

if one artery is blocked, blood can circumvate the blockage and still maintain competency with the tissue in question around joints: help oxygenated blood to continue to flow to the tissue even if it is flexed/ extended

Question 44

varicose veins

Answer 44

abnormally weak and dilated veins as a result of lost elasticity. -have less normal caliber and incompentent valves with cusps that do not meet or have been destroyed by inflammation -most often seen in legs -poor circulation, valves, and veins open. -comes with age

Question 45

hemorrids

Answer 45

varicosities of the anal veins. the pooling in these veins is caused by the straining associated with childbirth or bowel movements. this straining raises the intraabdominal pressure, preventing the draining of the blood -common with age, painful

Question 46

atherosclerosis

Answer 46

-atheroma: small, patchy thickenings that intrude into the vessel lumen and can prevent backflow if a passing clot becomes lodged. - in the coronary arteries

Question 47

beginning stage of atherosclerosis

Answer 47

the fatty plaques force the vessel walls to grow outward, until the vessel cannot accomodate any further -the vessels will grow less elastic and more brittle over time and plaque accumulates

Question 48

blood

Answer 48

- accounts for 8% of body mass specialized form of CT in which blood cells are suspended in plasma

Question 49

composition of blood

Answer 49

blood plasma: the suspension fluid contains nutrients, proteins, sugars, amino acids, 90% water

Question 50

elements of blood cells

Answer 50

-erythrocytes: red blood cells, contain oxygen, no nucleus -leukocytes: white blood cells -platelets: clotting cells