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skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage

A

-one of 4 types of CT, contains no blood vessels or nerves, and is found in many parts of the skeleton

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2
Q

function of cartilage

A

cushioning and support of body structures, and shape maintenance

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

-hyaline: forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones and joint surfaces. ex. trachea, larynx
-fibrocartilage: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci; strong
-elastic: flexible, returns to shape. ex external ear, epiglottis

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4
Q

bone function

A

provide levers on which muscles act to generate muscles

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5
Q

what are the forces that affect bones

A

-muscles contract
-gravity
-unloaded
-tension
-compression
-bending
-shear
-torsion

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6
Q

bones are structured to ________ forces acting upon them. and change…..

A

-resist
-change, size, and thickness to counteract forces with the help of vascularization.

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7
Q

the human skeleton is a _______ around which soft tissue of the body is arranged.

A

framework

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8
Q

functions of the human skeleton

A

protection, mobile, motile, strong, breakable, suscpetible to disease

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9
Q

other characteristics of the human skeleton:

A

-heavily vascularized produces RBS, somewhat regenerative, and has minimal innervation
-bone marrow inside; several
-outside CT is innervated; can feel pain from soft tissue

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10
Q

divisions of the human skeleton

A

-skull: formed by 28 bones, houses the brain and face; part of axial skeleton
-axial skeleton: trunk; includes ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and coccyx
-appendicular skeleton: limbs, includes articulations to axial skeleton: pelvic and shoulder girdles. formed of long, irregular, short bones.

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11
Q

bones of the skull

A

-come in right and left pairs
-unpaired reside in the midline

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12
Q

appendicular skeleton: the arm

A

-scapula: 2 shoulder blade
-clavicle: 2 collar bone
-humerus: 2 upper arm
-radius and ulna: 2 each; forarm
-carpals: 16 wrist
-metacarpals 10
-phalanges28; fingers

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13
Q

appendicular skeleton: lower limb

A

-pelvis: 2 3 fused
-femur: 2 thigh
-tibia and fibula: 2 lower leg
-patella: knee 2
-tarsals: ankle 14
-metatarsals 10 and phalanges 28

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14
Q

axial skeleton bones

A

-sternum 1
-ribs 24
-vertebrae: cervical 7, thoracic: 17, lumbar: 5, sacrum 1, coccyc, 1

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15
Q

bone shapes; classification

A

-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones

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16
Q

bone shapes; classification
-long bones

A

longer than wide, tubular; a shaft and two ends
ex. humerus and femur

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17
Q

bone shapes; classification
-short bones

A

cube shaped bones
ex. only wrist and ankle
-sesamoid bones: bones that develop within tendons
-ex. patella

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18
Q

bone shapes; classification
-flat bones

A

thin, flattened, and slightly curved, protect, produce RBC
ex. sternum, ribs, and most skull bones

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19
Q

irregular bones

A

bones with complex shapes, determined by articulation
-ex. hip bones and vertebrae

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20
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points

A

-tuberosity
-trochanter
-tubercule

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21
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-tuberosity

A

a large rounded projection, may be roughened. above surface

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22
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-trochanter

A

a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process, only present in the femor

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23
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-tubercule

A

a small rounded projection or process

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24
Q

ligaments attached to muscles =

A

rough surface

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25
bone to bone joint surface=
smooth surface
26
Muscle and ligament attachment points -epichondyle
a raised area on or superior to a condyle (round articular area)
27
Muscle and ligament attachment points -spine
a sharp, slender, often pointed projection
28
Muscle and ligament attachment points -process
any bone prominence; small
29
depressions and opening in bones:
-foramen: a round or oval opening through a bone; nerve or vessels travel through it -fissure: a narrow, slit like opening; nerves and vessels travel through -fossa: shallow basin; contain something -sinus: cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
30
bone projections that help form joints
-condyle: a rounded articular projection, often correlates with a corresponding fossa- joint surface -facet: a smooth nearly flat articular surface where two bones come together -head: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck- away from the shaft
31
two types of bone
-compact bone: a dense outer layer that appears smooth and solid, around sponge -spongy (trabecular) bone: found internally deep to compact layer; a honeycomb network of small pointed flat pieces called trabeculae, where the open spaces are filled with bone marrow
32
structure of a typical long bone -diaphysis
a tubular shaft of a bone, core of a bone -has a medullary cavity: filled with bone marrow, where RBC is made and stored
33
structure of a typical long bone -epiphysis
ends of a bone, covered with articular cartilage, bones grow from ends
34
structure of a typical long bone -blood vessels
bone tissue is well vascularized
35
structure of a typical long bone -periosteum
a well innervated and vascularized CT membrane that covers the outer surface fo each bone except the epiphyseal ends
36
structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
-similar to long bones : periosteum covered compact bone externally with and endosteum covered spongy bone internally -contain BW between trabeculae but no marrow cavity is present -have no shaft and epyphysis -diploe: internal spongy bone of flat bones, found in the skull
37
bending compresses the bone on one side and does what to the other?
stretches the other side
38
compression and tension are greatest at
external surfaces
39
to resist stress:
-strong compact bone is found on the external portion of the bone -the trabeculae of spongy bone align along stress lines in a support pattern
40
structural classifications of joints: (material uniting the joint)
-fibrous -cartilaginous -synovial
41
functional classifications of joints: (movement)
-synarthrosis -amphiarthrosis -diarthrosis
42
structural joint: -fibrous joint
bones united by fibrous CT -ex. cranial vault structures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
43
structural joint: -cartilagenous joint:
bones united by hyaline cartilage (synchrondroses) or fibrocartilage (symphyses), strong and less mobile -ex. epiphyseal plates, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
44
functional classifications of joints: -synarthrosis
immovable -ex. cranial vault sutures
45
functional classifications of joints: -amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable -ex. IV discs, pubic symphysis of pelvis
46
functional classifications of joints: -diarthrosis
bone articulation permits free motion, most common -ex. glenohumeral joint
47
synovial joint:
-fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane which forms a synovial cavity; weight bearing surfaces lined with articular cartilage -most common and important -present in limbs -outside: ligaments, tendons nerves
48
key element with synovial joints
unites at least two bones that contains a synovial joint capsule outside, with synovial fluid inside, articulating cartilage, and includes hyaline cartilage in the bones.
49
synovial joint classifications based on shape
-plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
50
synovial joint shapes -plane joints
short gliding movements -flat cube shapes bones -moves any axis location: wrist bones and ankle
51
synovial joint shapes -hinge joints
allow angular movements -uniaxial movement: flexion and extension location: elbow
52
synovial joint shapes -pivot joints
allow rotational movements -associated with pronation and supination location: wrist and elbow
53
synovial joint shapes -condyloid joints:
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension location: phalanges
54
synovial joint shapes -saddle joint
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension -more restrictive, narrow window -location: first carpometacarpal joint in the ball of the thumb
55
synovial joint shapes -ball and socket joint
movements in all directions -location: shoulder
56
trade of between joint stability and mobility
multiaxial: less stable, more mobile uniaxial: most stable, less mobile
57
ossification
bone tissue formation, begins in the embryo and proceeds to adolescence and slower at adult.
58
Week 8 in embryo
bone tissue first develops and replaces hyaline cartilage and some membranes of the mesenchyme
59
membrane bones in embryo
formed directly from mesenchyme; all bone of the skull except fo rbase
60
intramembranous ossification
-endochondral ossification: all the other bones inferior to the basicranium, except for clavicles, dev. as hyaline cartilagem
61
during childhood and adolescence
-bone lengthen entirely by growth of epiphyseal plate -cartilage is replaced with bone as quickly as it grows -epiphyseal plates maintain constant thickness -the entire bone lengthens
62
simple fracture
the bones break cleanly but does not penetrate the skin
63
compound fracture
the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
64
comminuted facture
bone fragments into three or more pieces -older age, lost mineral content
65
compression fracture
bone is crushed -more common in brittle
66
spiral fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone sports debilitating, takes a long time to hear
67
epiphyseal fracture
epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate -tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring
68
depressed fracture
broken bone is pressed inward -skull
69
greenstick fracture
bone breaks incompletely, only one side breaks

anatomy (42 decks)

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