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flashcards of path guide 2018 > bone > Flashcards

bone Flashcards

1
Q

osteosarcoma xray appearance

A

elevated periostium (codmans triangle) sunburst appearance

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2
Q

histology of osteosarcoma

A

ALP+Ve mesenchymal malignant cells

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3
Q

who gets osteosarcoma and where

A

young people often in the knee

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4
Q

Xray appearance of chondrosarcoma

A

lytic lesion with fluffy calcification

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5
Q

histology of chondrosarcoma

A

malignant chondrocytes

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6
Q

who gets chondrosarcoma and where

A

elderly in the femur/ pelvis

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7
Q

Ewings sarcoma xray appearance

A

onion skinning of periostium

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8
Q

genetic translocation in ewings sarcoma

A

t11:22

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9
Q

histology of ewings sarcoma

A

sheets of small round CD99+ve cells

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10
Q

who gets ewings and where

A

children in the long bones

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11
Q

giant cell bone tumour xray appearance

A

lytic lesions up to articular surface

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12
Q

histology of giant cell bone tumour

A

osteoclast type multinucleate giant cells on background of spindle/ ovoid cells

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13
Q

who gets giant cell bond tumour and where

A

middle aged woman and knee

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14
Q

osteoarthrituis

A

degeerative joint condition affecting hips, vertebrae and knee

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15
Q

when do you see bouchards and heberdens nodes

A

oseoarthritis

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16
Q

where do bouchards nodes affect

A

PIPJ

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17
Q

where do heberdens nodes affect

A

DIPJ

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18
Q

rheumatoid arthritis deformities

A

boutonniere swan neck Z thumb radial deviation of wrist ulnar deviation of fingers

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19
Q

what joint is spared in RA

A

DIPJ

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20
Q

biochemistry of osteoporosis

A

normal calcium, phosphate and AKP

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21
Q

histology of osteoporosis

A

loss of cancellous bone

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22
Q

diagnosis of osteopososis

A

DEXA scan: T score <2.5

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23
Q

RF/ causes of osteopososis

A

menopause advancing age low BMI drugs

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24
Q

dexa scan T score for osteopenia

A

1-2.5

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25
symptoms of osteopososis
low impact fractures back pain
26
common fractures in osteoporosis
colles vertebral NOF
27
pathology of osteomalacia
defective bone mineralisation
28
histology of osteomalacia
excess osteoid (unmineralised bone)
29
biochemistry of osteomalacia
normal or low calcium low phosphate raised ALP
30
findings of osteomalacia on xray
Looser's zones splaying of metaphysis
31
symptoms of osteomalacia in children
rachetic rosary bowing of legs frontal bossing pigeon chest delayed walking
32
symptoms of osteomalacia in adults
bone pain or tenderness proximal muscle weakness
33
causes or RF for osteomalacia
vit D deficiency: poor diet, lack of sunlight, malabsorption, CKD, liver disease
34
defect in primary hyperparathyroidism
overproduction of PTH hypercalcaemia
35
causes of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma, hyperplasia or carcinoma MEN secondary to vit D malabsorption or secondary hyperparathyroidism
36
symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism
hypercalcaemia- bones moans stone and groans
37
xray signs of primary hyperparathyroidism
osteitis fibrosa cystica browns tumours salt and pepper skull subperiostial resorption of the phalanges
38
biochemistry of hyperparathyroidism
raised calcium raised or normal ALP low or normal phosphate
39
histology of hyperparathyroidism
osteitis fibrosa cystica (bone cysts and marrow fibrosis) browns tumour
40
pathology of paget's disease
disorder of bone turnover with lytic and scerotic lesions
41
histology of paget's disease
mosaic pattern of lamellar bone huge osteocalsts with\> 100 nuclei
42
xray findings on pagets disease (skull, vertebrae and pelvis)
skull: osteoporosis circumscripta, cotton wool skull vertebrae: ivory vertebrae, picture frame vertebrae pelvis: sclerosis and lucency
43
symptoms of pagets disease
bone pain nerve compression microfractures skull changes- deafness high output cardiac failure
44
biochemistry of pagets disease
high ALP normal calcium and phosphate
45
what is renal osteodystrophy
bone changes in patients with CKD
46
biochemistry of renal osteodystrophy
low calcium high phosphate metabolic acidosis secondary hyperparathyroidism
47
risk factors for gout
increased dietry purine diuretics
48
joints affected in gout
MTP of great toe- podagra
49
crystals in gout
negatively bifringent needle shaped urate crystals
50
treatment of gout
acutely give colchacine then allopurinol longterm
51
risk factors for psuedogout
DM, hypothyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, wilsons disease
52
crystals in pseudogout
positivly bifringent rhomboid calcium pyrophosphate crystals
53
joints affected in pseudogout
knee and shoulder
54
treatment of psuedogout
NSAIDS and intra-articular steroid injections
55
features of a joint with gout
acutely hot swollen joint PAIN tophi
56
features of joint with pseudogout
hot swollen joint effusion
57
greenstick fracture
paeds fracture one side of bone is bent and other side is broken
58
simple fracture
bone breaks but doesn't pierce skin
59
compound fracture
bone breaks and is exposed because peirces skin
60
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into two or more fragments
61
impacted fracture
the broken bone is forced together by force of the injury
62
stages of fracture repair
1. formation of haematomoa 2. formation of fibrocartilaginous callous 3. mineralisation of fibrocartilaginous callous 4. remodeling of bone along weight bearing lines
63
pathogens resposible for osteomyelitis
adults: staph aureus children: group B strep, haemophilus influenzae
64
pathogenesis of osteomyelitis
local infection: trauma, dental surgery, PVD haematogenous spread TB syphilis
65
bones affected in osteomyelitis
adults: distal joints e.g. toes/ jaw children: long bones
66
symptoms of osteomyelitis
bone pain, fever, leukocytosis
67
xray changes of osteomyelitis
10 days after infection lytic destruction of bone
68
osteoid osteoma pathology
beingn bone lesion relieved by aspirin
69
who gets osteoid osteoma and where
adolescants femur
70
appearance of osteoid osteoma on xray
radiolucent nidus with a sclerotic rim
71
what is gardners syndrome
multiple osteoms + epidermoid cysts + GI polyps
72
what is an osteoma
boney outgrowth attached to normal bone BENIGN on head/ neck
73
what is olliers syndrome
multiple endochondromas
74
what is maffuci's syndrome
multiple endochondromas and haemangiomas
75
x ray findings for endochondroma
lytic lesion cotton wool calcification O ring sign expansile
76
histology of endochondroma
normal histology
77
who gets endochondromas and where
middle ages in hands
78
osteochondroma pathology
benign cartilidge capped bony outgrowth
79
appearance of osteochondroma on xray
well defined boney protuberance frorm bone
80
who gets osteochondroma and where
adolescants in long bones
81
what is diaphyseal aclasis
short stature+ multiple exostoses and bone deformities
82
what is albright syndrome
cafe au lait spots + precocious puberty + polyosteotic dysplasia
83
what is fibrous dysplasia
part of bone is replaced with fibrous tissue
84
histology of fibrous dysplasia
chinese letters misshapen bone trabecculae
85
what is seen on xray of fibrous dysplasia
soap bubble osteolysis shepherds crook deformity
86
how does a simple bone cyst look on xray
lytic lesion
87
what is a simple bone cyst and where is it found
fluid filled unilocular lesion on humerus/ femur
88
how does osteoblastoma look on xray
speckled mineralisation
89

flashcards of path guide 2018 (15 decks)

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