histo urology Flashcards
risk factors for cystitis
sexually active instrumentation DM urinary outflow obstruction bladder calculi
drug associated with haemmorhagic cystitis
cyclophosphamide
sx and tx of cystitis
suprapubic pain, fever, dysuria, frequency nitrofurantoin/ trimethoprim
TCC symptoms
painless haematuria, urgency, frequency, hydronephrosi and pyelonephritis
when does hydronephrosis/ pyelonephritis develop in TCC
if uteral orifice is involved
risk factors for TCC
smoking, industrial exposure to organic aratomatic amines
treatmetn and prognosis for TCC
biopsy and excise often grows back at a higher grade
risk factor for bladder SCC
endemic schistosomiasis
cause of bladder adenocarcinoma
urachal remnants or excessive itnestinal metaplasia
cells affected in BPH
prostatic stromal and epithelial cells
factor mediating BPH
dihydrotestosterone
symptoms of BPH
Frequency Urgency Nocturia Weak stream Incomplete voiding
treatment of BPH
TURP 5alpha reductase inhibitors
what type of tumour arises in the prostate gland
adenocarcinoma
RF for prostate cancer
FH >50yo
most common location for prostate cancer
peripheral zone of gland
grading system for prostate cancer
gleason
what PSA level is indicative of prostate cancer
>4ng/ml
organisms resposible for acute prostatitis
gram negative rods E Coli staph enterococci
difference between bacterial and abacterial prostatitis
history of recurrent UTI in bacterial
when do seminomas arise and are tehy common
in the 30s YES
hormonal markers for teratomas
AFP HCG LDH
clinical features of teratomas
painless enlargemnt
when are teratomas malignant
when they present in post pubertal male
