histo neuro

Question 2

sx of stroke

Answer 2

FAST numbness dyphagia

Question 3

sx of TIA

Answer 3

amaurosis fugax <24 hours carotid bruit

Question 4

tx of stroke

Answer 4

thrombolyse if <4 hours aspirin and dipyridamole

Question 5

tx of tia

Answer 5

aspirain and dipyridamole

Question 6

IX for stroke

Answer 6

CT FBC, BP, glucose, ESR ECG carotid doppler

Question 7

ix for TIA

Answer 7

carotid dopplers FBC, U&E, glucose, bp, ECG

Question 8

RF for stroke or TIA

Answer 8

FH HTN DM OCP PVD ETOH sickle cell/ PCV

Question 9

non traumatic cerebral haemmorhages

Answer 9

parechymal haemmorhage SAH

Question 10

causes of parenchymal haemmorhage

Answer 10

HTN

Question 11

what occurs in parenchymal haemmorhage

Answer 11

charcot-bouchard aneurysms

Question 12

where do parenchymal hammorhages occur

Answer 12

basal ganglia

Question 13

SAH causes

Answer 13

ruptured berry aneurysms AVM Ehler danlos/ coarction of aorta

Question 14

presentation of SAH

Answer 14

thunderclap headache vomiting loss of conciousness

Question 15

extra dural hammorhage pathology

Answer 15

middle meningeal artery rupture due to trauma and skull fracture

Question 16

presentation of extradurual haematoma

Answer 16

rapid arterial bleed lucid interval LOC

Question 17

causes of subdural haematoma

Answer 17

fall often in elderly/ alcoholics b/c brain atrophy is a RF

Question 18

presentation ofsubdural haematoma

Answer 18

fluctuating conciousness

Question 19

coup vs contre coup

Answer 19

coup= site of trauma dn contr coup is region opporiste

Question 20

define contusion (brain)

Answer 20

where brain touches skull +/- fracture

Question 21

6 types of brain herniation

Answer 21

uncal transtentorial subfalcine tonsillar upwards transcalvarial

Question 22

what is meningism

Answer 22

kernig’s sign stiff neck photophioiba headache

Question 23

what to do if suspected meningitis

Answer 23

immediate abs then confirm with LP and cultures

Question 24

Lp of bacterial meningitis

Answer 24

turbid appearance low glucose <40mg/dL high protein >250g/L neutrophils bacteria in smear 90-1000+ cells/mm^3

Question 25

LP of viral meningitis

Answer 25

clear appearance lymphocytes present low ornormal protein \<100g/L normal glucose \>40mg/dL 50-1000 cells/mm^3

Question 26

LP of TB meningitis

Answer 26

fibrin web lymphocytes present low glucose \<40 high protein 50-500mg/dL 10-1000 cells/mm^3

Question 27

neonatal cause of bacterial meningitis

Answer 27

GBS listeria E.Coli

Question 28

paediatric causes of bacterial meningitis

Answer 28

haemophilus influenzae streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 29

adult causes of bacterial meningits

Answer 29

strep pneumoniae neisseria meningitis

Question 30

causes of bacterial meningitis in elderly

Answer 30

strep pneumoniae gram negative rods e.g. e coli

Question 31

viral causes of meningitis in neonate

Answer 31

coxsackie echovirus HIV mumps

Question 32

causes of viral encephalitis

Answer 32

rabies herpes simples 1

Question 33

sx of viral encephalitis

Answer 33

drowsiness behavioural changes headache fever seizures

Question 34

neurofibromatosis causes what tumour

Answer 34

meningioma

Question 35

a ventricular tumour with hydrocephalus is usually a

Answer 35

ependymoma

Question 36

an indolent childhood tumour is often a

Answer 36

pilcytic astrocytoma

Question 37

a soft gelatinous calcified tumour is often a

Answer 37

oligodendroma

Question 38

protein involved in alzheimners

Answer 38

tau beta amyloid

Question 39

protein involved in DLB

Answer 39

ubiquitin alpha synuclein

Question 40

protein involved in CBD

Answer 40

tau

Question 41

protein involved in FTD

Answer 41

tau

Question 42

protein in picks disease

Answer 42

tau

Question 43

treatmetno falzheimers disease

Answer 43

glutamate antagonist nAchR agonists anticholinesterases

Question 44

histology of alzheimers

Answer 44

NFTs of tau beta amyloid plaques

Question 45

gross findings in alzheimers

Answer 45

wide sulci and narrow gyri widened ventricles

Question 46

DLB presentations

Answer 46

parkinsonism psychological disturbances hallucinationsfalls

Question 47

Parkinsons' disease

Answer 47

death of dopaminergic neurones in SN

Question 48

sx of parkinsons

Answer 48

Tremor Rigitidy Akinesia Postural instability pscyh features e.g. hallucinations

Question 49

protein in oparkinsons

Answer 49

alpha synuclein

Question 50

MS pathology

Answer 50

loss of myelin and plaques

Question 51

types of MS

Answer 51

RRMS primary progressive

Question 52

protein markder in MS

Answer 52

myelin basic protein proteolipid protein

Question 53

Multiple system atrophy three subtypes

Answer 53

shy drager syndrome olivopontocerebellar striatonigral

Question 54

shy drager syndrome features

Answer 54

autonomic dysfunction