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D1 Fall > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of cartilage

A

1) support and framework
2) shock absorption, resisting compression
3) smooth gliding surfaces

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2
Q

what is the most abundant cartilage

A

hyaline

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3
Q

chondrocyte

A

cells responsible for synthesis of cartilage-specific ECM components

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4
Q

chondroblasts

A

chondrocyte precursors capable of forming cartilage-specific ECM but not encased in matrix

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5
Q

lacunae

A

spaces where cells are living/ existing in

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6
Q

abundant organelles in chondrocyte structure

A

lots of RER, prominent golgi - proteoglycans

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7
Q

what cells do chondrocytes originate from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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8
Q

transcription factor required for expression of cartilage-specific ECM

A

Sox9

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9
Q

what happens if there is a lack of Sox9

A

prevents mesenchymal progenitor cells from differentiating to chondrogenic cells

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10
Q

what is cartilage ECM made of

A

ground substance with proteoglycan aggregates and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are negatively charged side chains

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11
Q

special characteristics of cartilage

A

-avascular
-nutrients and oxygen diffuse through the ECM
- limited growth and repair

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12
Q

because oxygen is limited in cartilage, chondrocytes have _______

A

a low metabolic rate, and dont require high oxygen concentrations to perform normally

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13
Q

perichondrium

A

-dense CT surrounding cartilage
-contains vasculature, nerves and lymphatic vessels
-outer layer has fibroblasts
-inner layer has chondroblast precursors

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14
Q

2 types of growth in cartilage

A

appositional and interstitial

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15
Q

appositional growth

A

differentiation of chondrocytes from pericardium

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16
Q

interstitial growth

A

results from mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes within matrix (growth from within)

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17
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

-articular surfaces of moveable joints
-walls of respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
-costal cartilage (ribs)
-epiphyseal growth plates

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18
Q

types of fibers in hyaline cartilage

A

type II collage

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19
Q

what kind of growth occurs in hyaline cartilage

A

appositional and interstitial

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20
Q

articular cartilage

A

type of hyaline cartilage,
-covers articular surfaces of bones
-lacks perichondrium
-gets nutrients and oxygen from synovial fluid (diffusion)

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21
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline, but has large network of elastic fibers

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22
Q

locations of elastic cartilage

A

ear, auditory canals, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis

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23
Q

fibers in elastic cartilage

A

type II collagen and elastic fibers

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24
Q

what kind of growth occurs in elastic fibers

A

appositional and interstitial

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25
Fibrocartilage
tissue intermediate between Dense CT and hyaline cartilage no distinct perichondrium
26
locations of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, attachments of certain ligaments, pubic symphysis and menisci
27
fibers in fibrocartilage
type I collagen, small amounts of type II collage
28
what type of growth in fibrocartilage
interstitial
29
bone
largest proportion of body's connective tissue mass
30
functions of bone
-framework -levers for locomotor function -protect vulnerable viscera -site for hematopoiesis (bone marrow) -maintain mineral (calcium) homeostasis
31
2 layers in bone
compact (cortical) and spongy (trabecular)
32
3 distinct areas on a bone
epiphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis
33
components inside the diaphysis
-medullary cavity filled with bone marrow -endosteum- contains osteoprogenitor cells -periosteum- membrane around bone
34
bone ECM composition
65% calcium hydroxyapatite, 23% collage, 10% water, rest non-collagen proteins
35
what cells make up cortical bone
osteons
36
osteoblasts
responsible for the synthesis and mineralization of bone ECM -can be cuboidal and sometimes columnar
37
bone-lining cells
osteoblasts that became quiescent
38
where do osteoblasts originate from
mesenchymal stem cells
39
what transcription factor is required for the expression of bone-specific ECM from mesenchymal cells
Runx2
40
lack of Runx2/Cbfa1 results in what
lack of osteoblasts, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and a skeleton without any mineralized matrix
41
osteocytes
terminally differentiated osteoblasts that are encased in ECM, contact other osteocytes with dendritic processes, live in lacunae
42
osteoclasts
opposite of osteoblasts, responsible for bone resorption or degrading mineralized bone -large mutinucleated cells
43
where are osteoclasts derived from
hematopoietic stem cells, share a common progenitor with monocyte/macrophage
44
characteristics of osteoclasts
large, multi nucleated, polarized, clear zone and ruffled border has mitochondria for energy, ion pumps to keep pH acidic,
45
what breaks down bone in a osteocyte
lysosomal enzyme cathepsin K
46
how do bone cells regulate their functions
they balance bone formation and resorption to maintain structural integrity, communicate with one another
47
macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
stimulates early commitment to osteoclast lineage
48
receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK) and its ligand (RANK-L)
induces osteoclast formation and activation
49
osteoprotegerin (OPG)
produced by osteoblasts, acts as a RANK-L decoy receptor
50
the ratio of RANK-L/OPG is _____________ to the number of osteoclasts
directly proportional
51
trabeculae provide a _____________ for rapid deposition and release of calcium
large surface area
52
PTH
gets released in response to low calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts
53
what happens when PTH is released
-osteoclastic bone resorption -renal calcium reabsorption -activated vitamin D stimulate bone resorption
54
what is important for maintaining bone mass
mechanical forces, load-bearing activities, staying active -slows down bone loss and increases deposition of minerals/ production of collagen fibers
55
osteoperosis
bone loss, trabecular bone is lost -
56
what factors contribute to osteoporosis
-aging -post-menopausal -disuse -inflammation/arthritis -diabetes
57
what happens to RANKL/OPG ratio in osteoporosis
its increased
58
osteopetrosis
autosomal recessive, caused by gene mutations that affect osteoclast development and function -decreased bone resorption
59
symptoms of osteopetrosis
-increased fractures -cranial nerve defects -anemia and infections
60
treatment of osteopetrosis
bone marrow transplant
61
Rickets/Osteomalacia
rickets in kids, osteomalacia in adults -defective Vitamin D intake or metabolism -defective mineralization of osteoid -increased osteoid thickness -increased fracture risk
62
rickets/osteomalacia treatment
Vitamine D supplementation
63
rickets in lower limbs
cause bowing
64
cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD)
autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia, caused by mutation in Runx2 gene on chromosome 6
65
characteristics of CCD
-no clavicles -delayed closure of cranial sutures -short -scoliosis -teeth abnormalities
66
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressive (FOP)
rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder of ectopic bone formation -mutated ACVR1 gene responsible for encoding BMP type 1 receptor -cause progressive endochondral ossification of muscle, tendons and ligaments
67
FOP symptoms
bone forms where it shouldn't, excessive bones in joints and muscles
68
osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bone disease, genetic disorder, fragile bones break easily -dominant mutation in type I collagen genes
69
osteogenesis imperfecta over time
-acute = few fractures and normal life expectancy -chronic = many fractures and shortened life expectancy -no cure
70
two processes in osteogenesis
intramembranous and endochondral
71
intramembranous osteogenesis
bone tissue is formed directly in primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme) -skull
72
endochondral osteogenesis
bone tissue replaces a hyaline cartilage template -most bone in body
73
steps in intramembranous bone formation
-mesenchymal cells condensate -differentiate to osteocytes and form bone matrix -calcium is deposited from blood vessels to mineralize osteoid
74
endochondral bone formation
-hyaline cartilage develops -cartilage calcifies, periosteal collar forms around diaphysis -primary ossification center forms -secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses -bone replaces cartilage, except articular -epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
75
4 zones of endochondral bone formation
resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, ossification
76
how is the length of cartilage increases during proliferating zone
chondrocytes run away from osssification
77
where does calcification of cartilage matrix surround
hypertrophic chondrocytes
78
how does bone increase in outer circumference
periosteal bone formation
79
what increases the inner bone circumference
endosteal bone resorption, can also increase size of bone marrow cavity
80
how does the thickness of the cortical bone gradually increase over time
net periosteal formation exceeds net endosteal resorption
81
indian hedgehog (Ihh)
protein produced by pre-hypertrophic and early hypertrophic chondrocytes
82
function of ihh
-stimulates synthesis and secretion of PTH-RP -regulates formation of periosteal bone collar
83
PTH-RP
-produced by chondrocytes and periochondrial cells at the ends of long bones -
84
function of PTH-RP
-stimulates chondrocyte proliferation -prevents them from differentiating into hypertrophic chondrocytes
85
what do hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete
type X collagen
86
what is type X collagen
a marker of terminal differentiation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
87
what is VEGF
an inducer of vascular invasion
88
what does the site of a fracture tell you
it determines the healing process of the fractured bone
89
3 general steps of fracture healing
1) hematoma formation 2) callus formation 3) bone remodeling
90
hematoma formation
- pain, warmth -recruitment of MSC progenitor populations - low pO2 at fracture site so chondrocytes produce cartilage
91
callus formation
soft callus: development of fibrous and cartilaginous collar to surround fracture -callus widens and immobilizes fracture ends hard callus: initial bone formation -endochondral ossification of cartilage, intramembranous on bone surface
92
bone remodeling
conversion of immature to mature bone -haversian system reconstituted -more bone is deposited in areas of greater stress
93
factors that influence the rate of fracture healing
size of gap, age, blood supply, Ca2+, phosphate, nutrition
94
joint
region where bones join together
95
2 types of joint
diarthroses and synarthoses
96
diarthroses
permit free bone movement
97
synarthroses
permit limited or no movement
98
types of synarthroses
synotosis, synchrondrosis, syndesmosis
99
synotosis
bones united by bone tissue, no movement -cranial sutures
100
synchondrosis
bones united by hyaline cartilage with limited movement -epiphyseal plates, costal cartilages connecting ribs to sternum
101
syndesmosis
bones joined by dense CT or fibrocartilage with limited movement -pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

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