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D1 Fall > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

cytoskeleton definition

A

building blocks of cell structure

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2
Q

what does cytoskeleton include

A

skeleton and muscles of cells

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3
Q

functions of cytoskeleton

A

architecture, shape, motility of cells and organelles

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4
Q

3 main components of cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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5
Q

what is the composition of microtubules

A

tubulin dimers with alpha and beta tubulin

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6
Q

what is tubulin

A

a GTPase

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7
Q

accessory proteins associated with microtubules

A

microtubule- associated proteins (MAPs)

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8
Q

function of MAPs

A

stabilization of polymers, regulate interactions between cytoskeleton elements,
organize MTs

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9
Q

properties of microtubules

A

DYNAMIC, can go rapid bouts of assembly/disassembly, acts as substrate for motor proteins to transport cargo

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10
Q

function of microtubules

A

-make up mitotic spindle
-railways for organelle transport
-cell shape
-in neurons for axonal transport
-backbone for cilia and flagella

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11
Q

microtubules are ______ with a ____ end and a ______ end

A

polarized, plus, minus

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12
Q

the plus end of microtubules is ______, the minus end is _______

A

dynamic, static

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13
Q

how many protofilaments in a microtubule

A

13 +/-

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14
Q

the + end has ______ of tubulin addition and removal, the - end has _____ of addition and removal

A

faster, slower

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15
Q

catastrophe

A

periods of growth switched to shrinkage (drastic drop in graph)

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16
Q

rescue

A

switched from shrinkage to growth (drastic increase on graph)

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17
Q

microtubules are ______ near the nucleus, _______ away from the nucleus

A

negatively charged, postively charged

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18
Q

which motor proteins are associated with microtubules and which end do they move towards

A

dynein (moved towards - end), kinesin (moves towards + end)

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19
Q

nucleation definition

A

genesis of a cytoskeletal polymer

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20
Q

where does nucleation occur

A

at the centrosome

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21
Q

polymerization definition

A

elongation of a cytoskeletal polymer after initial nucleation

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22
Q

which tubulin is needed for nucleation

A

gamma tubulin

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23
Q

how do microtubules function in cell division

A

segregate chromosomes, reorganize cytoplasm

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24
Q

where is cilia found in the body

A

lung epithelium, trachea, fallopian tube

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25
what is the function of cilia
to move phlegm
26
basal body definition
microtubule organizing center for cilia and flagella, has a +/- end
27
axoneme definition
9+2 microtubule structure of cilia and flagella (9 doublets surrounding 2 in the middle)
28
immotile cilia syndrome
defect in axonemal structure, results in lung disease and sterile males (microtubule malfunction)
29
Kartagener's syndrome
situs inversus (reverse body asymmetry) and immotile cilia syndrome
30
Cancer
disruption of Microtubule dynamics to block cell division (Taxol)
31
Lissencephaly
mutations in microtubule proteins LIS1 and doublecortin
32
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Type 2A
mutation in specific kinesin/ mutation in mitofusion2
33
Neurodegenerative disorders
mutations in tau, dyein, kinesin, spastin
34
neurotropic viruses
can exploit neuron's microtubule based transport system to reach cell bodies
35
microfilaments composition
helical, non-hollow, polymers of actin
36
what is actin
an ATPase
37
difference between microtubules and microfilaments
microfilaments don't have organizing centers like centrosome for microtubules, microfilaments can be nucleated anywhere in the cell
38
structure of microfilaments
polarized filament with barbed and pointed end
39
which end of the microfilament favors assembly (polymerization)
barbed end
40
functions of microfilaments
cleavage furrow (finals stages of mitosis), cell motility, short-range organelle transport, contractility
41
3 actin isoforms and location
-alpha actin: muscle specific -beta actin: most cells -gamma actin: most cells
42
what must actin be loaded with for nucleation and polymerization
ATP loaded
43
Stress Fibers
myosin, alpha actin, formins
44
leading edge meshworks
Arp 2/3, profilin, cofilin
45
myosin definition
F-actin associated force generating mechanoenzymes
46
myosin function
contractility, intracellular transport
47
which side do myosins move to
barbed end of filaments
48
cytokinesis definition
F-actin and myosin II at contractile ring during cell division
49
microvilli
actin based epithelial projections
50
where are microvilli found in the body
small intestine, ear cells
51
microvilli function
to increase the SA of cells to increase absorption
52
erythrocyte cytoskeleton
spectrin tetramer, actin, adducin, tropomyosin
53
Hereditary Spherocytosis
deforms red blood cells to fragile spherocytes b/c of weak binding affinity of spectrin to band 4.1 (malfunction of actin)
54
Hereditary elliptocytosis
deforms red blood cells to ellipocytes because of incomplete formation of spectrin (actin malfunction)
55
Breast Cancer
tensin (actin protein) is disrupted which promotes metastatic migration of cancer cells (tensin links integrin receptors to actin)
56
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
mutations in cardiac actin symptoms include, dizziness, chest pain, symptoms of heart failure
57
Mutations in skeletal muscle actin
congential myopathies, structural abnormalities of muscle, variable degrees of muscle weakness
58
mutation in Myosin VI
causes deafness ( stereocilia)
59
mutation in myosin VII
deafness, neurological disorder, blindness (Usher syndrome Type 1)
60
Phalloidin
found in death cap mushroom, very toxic, binds tightly to and stabilizes actin, preventing depolymerization
61
intermediate filaments structure
non-polarized, NON-dynamic, less conserved than microtubules or microfilaments
62
intermediate filaments function
-space filling elements -gives tensile strength -specialized functions depending on the cell -important at cell junctions
63
Type I and II: intermediate filaments
acid, neutral/basic keratins epithelial cells and derivatives
64
Type III intermediate filaments
vimentin, desmin, glial fibrilary acidic protien fibroblasts, muscle cells, glial cells
65
Type IV intermediate filaments
NF-L/M/H Neurons
66
Type V intermediate filaments
nuclear lamins A, B , C nuclear lamina of nucleated cells
67
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
mutation in keratin expressed in basal cell layer, results in very sensitive skin to mechanical injury
68
Progeria
fast aging disease, mutation in nuclear lamina protein

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