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D1 Fall > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Function

A

moves skeleton + other structures

Ex. precise eye movements

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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Embryology

A

Somites

Each somite provides skeletal muscle for different levels of body

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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Mechanism of Action for functions

A
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4
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Potential Diseases

A
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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Contraction Method

A

Stimulus is initiated within a neuron in spinal cord + impulse is brought down spinal cord w/long nerve fiber

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6
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Function

A

propels blood through the heart and lungs into the aorta (2 paths)

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7
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Embryology

A
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8
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Mechanism of Action for Function

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9
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Potential Diseases

A
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10
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Contraction Method

A

impulse contraction initiated at SA node of the heart which is then fine-tuned by the vagus nerve

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11
Q

Smooth Muscle - Function

A

contraction of blood vessels, viscera, intrinsic muscle of eye

(does so by changing the shape + size)

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12
Q

Smooth Muscle - Embryology

A
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13
Q

Smooth Muscle - Mechanism of Action for Functions

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14
Q

Smooth Muscle - Potential Diseases

A
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15
Q

Smooth Muscle - Contraction Method

A 
Mechanical Impulses (Passive stretch)
Electrical depolarization ( neural stimulation)
Chemical Stimuli (hormones; 2nd messenger pathways)
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16
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Characteristics

A
  • Cross striations (alternating dark + light bands)
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17
Q

What provides polarity in the embryo?

A

notochord

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18
Q

What is the dermamyotome comprised of?

A

dorsal dermis (dermatome) + skeletal muscle (myotome)

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19
Q

Skeletal Muscle - cells become elongated by…

A

…fusion

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20
Q

Why are contractile proteins made in muscle cells but not spleen cells?

A

Contractile proteins genes are transcribed in muscle cells

*the transcription is regulated by transcription factors

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21
Q

define trans-activators

A

proteins expressed during specific stages of development

bind to specific regions of genes

intimate transcription of specific genes

(EX. MyoD in skeletal muscle)

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22
Q

What does the basic region of MyoD bind to?

A

promoter of DNA

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23
Q

What does the Helix-Loop-Helix region of the MyoD bind to?

A

transcription factors (+ or -)

(+) - unregulated transcription
( - ) - inhibits transcription

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24
Q

What does the up-regulation of myogenin de-regulate?

A

Pax7

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25
What do high levels of Pax7 indicate?
Proliferation
26
What do satellite cells always express?
Pax7
27
What does a high level of myogenin expression do?
upregulates transcription of contractile protein genes
28
What is the sarcolemma comprised of?
plasma membrane + basal lamina
29
What is responsible for myofiber contraction?
myofilament interaction
30
Myosin - Functions
- form thick filaments - hydrolyze ATP - interact with F-actin (receptor located at the head)
31
Troponin C Function
Binds to calcium => intimate contraction process
32
Troponin T Function
Binds complex of tropomyosin
33
Troponin I Function
Inhibits binding of myosin to actin
34
Tropomyosin
double helix of 2 polypeptides (lies in groove between actin molecules)
35
Titin
protein that stabilizes and centers myosin containing thick filaments *allows certain amount of stretch + prevents tearing
36
Neuromuscular Junction (aka Motor End Plate)
Contact between axon and muscle fiber
37
Motor Unit
Motor neuron w/axonal branches + muscle cells they contact
38
Synaptic Cleft
Space left on muscle fiber if axon was removed
39
What happens to acetylcholine after it is released?
it binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane
40
what happens after acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane?
the membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions
41
what happens after the membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions?
depolarization of muscle cell membrane
42
what does the depolarization of the muscle cell membrane result in?
depolarization (action potential) transmitted throughout the muscle
43
How is the action potential transmitted throughout the muscle
T-Tubule system
44
What happens after the action potential is transmitted to the muscle?
Acetylcholine is degraded
45
Clinical Significance: Myasthenia Gravis - Cause
Patient produces antibodies against AcH receptors; ultimately preventing acetylcholine from binding
46
Clinical Significance: Myasthenia Gravis - Symptoms
Patients have weak muscle contractions and droopy eyelids + mouth
47
T-tubule
invagination of the plasma membrane
48
Triad Location
A-I junction in skeletal muscle
49
Terminal Cisterna
Specialized ends of the SR where networks meet
50
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
repeating network around myofibrils *extends from one A-I junction to the next A-I junction
51
Neuromuscular Spindle - Function
- allow for coordination | - senses stretch and communicates to CNS
52
Muscle Cell Components in Neuromuscular Spindle
Connective Tissue Capsule + Intrafusal Muscle Fibers + Stretch Receptor
53
How is a damaged muscle repaired?
Satellite Cells
54
Terminally differentiated cells (definition and example)
Defined: cannot divide any further Ex. myotube satellite cells + cardiac cells
55
What does the force of contraction vary by?
Organization of fibers
56
Three basic type of fibers in muscles
Type 1, 2A and 2B
57
Contractile Speed
determines how fast the fiber can contract and relax
58
What does enzymatic velocity of myosin ATPase determine?
The rate at which the enzyme is capable of breaking down ATP during the contraction cycle
59
Metabolic Profile
capacity for ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis
60
Type 1 Fiber - Characteristic
Slow Oxidative Abundance of Mitochondria Seen as Red (strong staining of succinic dehydrogenase) + Small on images
61
Type 2A Fibers - Characteristic
Fast Oxidative Medium/Large with Pale Staining
62
Fibers 2B Characteristics
Fast Glycolytic Medium/Large with Pale Staining
63
Which muscle fibers have high myoglobin content?
Type 1 + 2A
64
Intercalated Discs - Function
allow electrochemical coupling between cells => communicate impulse for contraction from one cell to another
65
Purkinje Fibers - Function + Location
brings down the impulse to ventricles Location: below endothelium
66
Purkinje cells - Characteristics
- Large cells - fibrils pushed towards periphery - bi-nucleated - connect via gap junctions
67
Cardiac Muscle - Characteristics
- Intercalated discs - Striated - Centrally located nuclei - Branching
68
Connections in Intercalated Discs
- fascia adherens (transverse component) - gap junctions (lateral component) - desmosomes (throughout)
69
Intercalated Discs - Gap Junctions (Function)
ionically couple one cell to the next
70
Intercalated Discs - Fasciae Adherentes (Function)
- Hold cardiac muscle cells at their ends | - Site where thin filaments of terminal sarcomere attach to plasma membrance
71
Diad
- Cardiac Muscle - similar to Triad in skeletal muscle - Location: Z-line
72
Cardiac Hypertrophy - Common Causes
- High BP | - heart valve stenosis
73
What is Cardiac Hypertrophy?
thickening of the myocardium (heart muscle)
74
Smooth Muscle Location
- Viscera - Vascular System - Arrector Pili muscle in the skin - Intrinsic muscle of the eye
75
Single Unit Smooth Muscle
unit/group of cells work together, connected by gap junctions allow ions + small molecules to pass b/w cells whole sheet contracts together (Ex. GI Tract)
76
Multiunit Smooth Muscle
Individual smooth muscle cells are independently innervated fibers controlled by signals from nerves Ex. Eye
77
Smooth Muscle Cell - Characteristics
- No visible sarcomeres or striations - No T-Tubules - Thin filaments attached to dense bodies - Bindle or sheets of elongated cells - Closely packed - Tapered ends
78
Myosin Filament arrangement in Smooth Muscle
- one direction on one side and the opposite direction on the other side - no bare zone
79
advantage of no bare zone in myosin filaments?
contraction lasts a long time
80
Clinical Significance: Asthma/ Allergic Reactions
SMOOTH MUSCLE of bronchi contract + airways narrow
81
Clinical Significance: Fibrosis
- excess myofibroblasts - Occurs in liver (response to alcohol abuse) - Occurs in lungs (response to smoking abuse)

D1 Fall (14 decks)

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