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D1 Fall > Nerve > Flashcards

Nerve Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

networks of specialized cells that communicate with each other and to other parts of the body

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2
Q

functions of nervous system

A

-generate movement
-learn and remember
-comprehend and generate language
-make decisions based on goals
-etc

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3
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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4
Q

CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

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5
Q

PNS

A

sensory elements conducting info to CNS, motor elements that conduct signals from CNS to effector cells

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6
Q

PNS is divided into which 2 groups

A

autonomic and somatic

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7
Q

somatic nervous system

A

skeletal movement

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary movement

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9
Q

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

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11
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

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12
Q

main parts of a neuron

A

axon, dendrite, cell body

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13
Q

axon

A

sends signals out

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14
Q

dendrite

A

receives signals into cell body

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15
Q

3 different neuron morphologies

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

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16
Q

multipolar neuron

A

-most common neuron
-1 axon, 2 or more dendrites

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17
Q

bipolar neuron

A

-1 axon, 1 dendrite
-visual, olfactory systems

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18
Q

pseudounipolar

A

-1 axon that divides into 2 branches
-sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves

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19
Q

pseudounipolar neurons have what kind of projections

A

peripheral projection (extends into peripheral tissue) and central projection (extends into CNS)

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20
Q

synapse

A

where neurons meet and communication occurs

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21
Q

what is found in a pre-synaptic terminal

A

vesicles with neurotransmitter (large dense core vesicles)
-mitochondria for ATP

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22
Q

what characterizes a post-synaptic terminal on a TEM

A

postsynaptic density, dendritic spine

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23
Q

where does the axon and skeletal muscle fiber connect

A

neuromuscular junction

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24
Q

the presynaptic terminal is also referred to as the

A

active zone

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25
important neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, glutamate (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory)
26
what is used to load up neurotransmitters into a vesicle
Proton gradient
27
4 steps in vesicle transport
1) budding 2) movement 3) tethering/docking 4) fusion
28
which 2 proteins are involved in fusion
v-SNARE (synaptobrevin) and T-SNARE (syntaxin)
29
What do the SNARE proteins do
the binding of the 2 proteins binds the 2 membranes so that the neurotransmitter gets released
30
what protein is involved in docking
Rab effector (tethering protein)
31
steps involved for SNARE proteins controlling membrane fusion
zipping, hemifusion, fusion, fusion pore (porocytosis)
32
what is SNARE-dependent fusion dependent on
calcium
33
what happens at the synapse after depolarization
-voltage gated ca 2+ channels allow ca 2+ to flood in, cause vesicles to fuse to pre-synaptic terminal, exocytosis of vesicles
34
dendritic spines are the sites of what?
post-synaptic input
35
how does a voltage potential exist
because nervous systems have the ability actively distribute ions non-uniformly across the membrane
36
graded voltage change
spreads passively and declines with distance from site of input
37
glutamate input does what
graded potential depolarization
38
GABA input does what
graded potential hyperpolarization
39
what happens if excitatory inputs win
the axonal initial segment is has voltage gates Na+ channels that open when voltage goes above a threshold
40
action potential
all-or-none response that propagates to the end of the axon -triggered when threshold is reached
41
what is very prevalent in neurons
cytoskeleton
42
nissl material
consists of RNA and free ribosomes -basophilic (likes basic dyes) -where protein synthesis occurs
43
where are most neuronal proteins made
cell body
44
axon initial segments contain high levels of what 2 things
Na+ and K+ channels
45
axonal transport is _____ dependent
energy
46
anterograde
cell body to axon tip direction
47
retrograde
axon to cell body direction
48
axonal transport relies on what
microtubules, kinesin and dynein motors
49
kinesin goes in which direction
anterograde
50
dynein goes in which direction
retrograde
51
dysfunction in axonal transport can lead to which diseases
diabetes, neuropathy, Huntington Disease, Alzheimer's
52
how does rabies get into the brain and then to the body
virus travels up nerves retrograde to spinal cord and then brain -leaves via anterograde down cranial nerves
53
where are myelin sheaths made in each type of NS
CNS= oligodendrocytes PNS= Schwann cells
54
functions of astrocytes
-help form blood-brain barrier -secrete neurotropic factors -take up K+ neurotransmitters
55
in the PNS, Schwann cells myelinate......
1 region of one axon
56
myelin sheath is made of up what
mostly lipids, some proteins
57
2 roles of proteins in myelin sheath
extrusion of cytoplasm with a single wrap of myelin (myelin compaction) -adhesive contacts between adjacent membrane layers
58
myelinated axons are more _____ and _____ than unmyelinated axons
faster and energy-efficient
59
why can't you myelinate the entire axon?
because theres a limit on how much insulation myelin can provide while still allowing space for enough axons
60
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps between myelin that have Na+ channels and re-boost the action potential
61
saltatory conduction
hopping from node to node, causing propagation of the action potential
62
how many axons can a oligodendrocyte myelinate
more than 1, multiple axons
63
immune-mediated demyelinating diseases
MS ( Multiple Sclerosis) and Guillain-Barre syndrome
64
inherited demyelinating diseases
adrenoleukodystrophy, failure to generate plasmalogens
65
metabolic demyelinating diseases
Central Pontine Myelinosis
66
virus-induces demyelinating diseases
progressive multifocal encephalopathy
67
what is the most abundant glial cell
astrocytes
68
Blood Brain Barrier
helps determine brain interstitial fluid by restricting ionic and fluid movements -protects brain from fluctuations in ionic compositions (can occur after a meal or exercise)
69
cells involved in BBB
tight junctions, capillary endothelial cell, basement membrane
70
types of transport in BBB
-paracellular -lipid-soluble through diffusion -active transport with proteins -receptor-mediated transcytosis -adsorptive transcytosis
71
astrocytes provide the neuron with what
neurotransmitters and energy
72
astrocytes mobilize ______ to produce ______
glucose, lactate -allows glucose to be used for metabolism or to protect neurons from low glucose
73
which transporters do astrocytes express
glutamate, they take up excess glutamate and recycle it to glutamine
74
microglia
major immune cell in CNS -embryonically derived, self-renewing tissue macrophage -don't differentiate
75
how are microglia activated
by physical injury, inflammation, infection -changes from ramified to amoeboid
76
ependymal cells
epithelial layer that lines the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
77
ventricular system
-produces CSF, which buffers and cushions spinal cord
78
what kind of epithelium are ependymal cells
simple cuboidal-columnar -have microvilli and cilia
79
white matter
bundles of myelinated axons (has oligodendrocytes)
80
gray matter
collections of neuron cell bodies, and astrocytes
81
spinal ganglion
aka dorsal root ganglion -cell bodies of sensory neurons, whose axons project into spinal cord via dorsal root
82
ventral root
projection of motor axons from spinal cord to innervate muscle
83
satellite cells
In PNS, surround nerve cell bodies -provide trophic support to neurons
84
epineurium
encloses entire nerve -dense irregular CT
85
perineurium
encloses each fascicle of nerve fibers -makes up blood brain barrier
86
endoneurium
surrounds individual nerve fibers -CT
87
schwann cells can also ensheath ______
nonmyelinated PNS axons
88
which axons can regenerate
PNS axons after injury
89
which axons can regenerate
PNS axons after injury
90
how do CNS axons regenerate
they do not regenerate
91
which part of the brain is shaped like a c and how is it best stained
hippocampus, Nissl stain

D1 Fall (14 decks)

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