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BDS2 BAMS Oral Biology > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of bone

A

cortical/compact

cancellous/spongy

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2
Q

describe cortical bone

A

Cortical bone is the dense outer layer of bone

It is compromised of structural units called osteon

Each osteon is composed of layers called lamellae

The central canal of each osteon contains nerves, capillaries and lymphatics

Forms 80-85% of the skeleton

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3
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

Contains lamellar bone – the osteocytes are housed in lacunae

Lattice like network of rods called trabeculae

Orientated to provide maximum strength for minimum mass

Spaces between trabeculae occupied by red and yellow marrow

Externally lined by endosteum

Makes up 15-20% of the skeleton

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4
Q

what are the 3 components to alveolar bone

A

An external plate of cortical bone

The inner socket wall of thin cortical bone called the alveolar bone proper

Cancellous bone (between these two compact layers)

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5
Q

what does the cancellous bone contain

A

blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics that send their branches through the cortical bone through small openings called Volkman’s canals to supply the periodontal ligament

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6
Q

what does the cortical bone lining tooth sockets penetrated by

A

bundles of collagen fibres of PDL (Sharpey’s fibres)

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7
Q

what is the composition of bone

A

60% inorganic
15% water
25% organic

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8
Q

what makes up the organic component

A

collagen (90%)
glycoprotiens
proteoglycans

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9
Q

what is the function of the proteoglycans

A

responsible for jelly structure of the matrix

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10
Q

what are the two different ways bone can be resorbed

A

horizontal

vertical

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11
Q

what is horizontal resorption

A

generalized bone loss occurs most frequently as horizontal bone loss. Horizontal bone loss manifests as a somewhat even degree of bone resorption so that the height of the bone in relation to the teeth has been uniformly decreased. It occurs in a plane parallel to the CEJs of the adjacent teeth

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12
Q

what is vertical resorption

A

occurs adjacent to the tooth and usually in the form of a triangular area of missing bone known as triangulation.

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13
Q

what is the ECM made up of

A

ground substance and fibres

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14
Q

what is ground substance

A

semi fluid gel

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15
Q

what does ground substance contain

A

long polysaccharide molecules

glycosaminoglycans

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16
Q

what are the fibres found in the ECM

A

Collagen

Elastin

Other non-collagenous proteins

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17
Q

what are the two types of microscopic bone

A

woven

lamellar

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18
Q

describe woven bone

A

rapidly laid down
irregular deposition of collagen
contains many osteocytes

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19
Q

where is woven bone found

A

fetus

fracture repair

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20
Q

describe lamellar bone

A

Laid down more slowly so well organised

Collagen fibres laid down in parallel

Normal form in adult
contains fewer osteocytes

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21
Q

what is the structure of compact bone

A

Compact bone is laid down in concentric lamellae (lamellar bone)
it forms longitudinal columns

It is organized in haversian systems around the central (Haversian canal)

There is also lateral (volkman’s) canals – these link haversian canals

The canals contain blood vessels

There are small ‘lacunae’ with radiating canaliculi

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22
Q

what is the function of the interconnecting projections of the osteocytes

A

their function is nutrition but also communication

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23
Q

describe cancellous bone

Study These Flashcards
A

Cancellous bone is made up of a network of thin trabeculae

The trabeculae consist of lamellae

There are osteocytes present

There is no obvious haversian systems

The bone is thin and nutrients can diffuse in

Bone marrow is present in the spaces between the trabeculae

24
Q

describe osteoblasts

Study These Flashcards
A

Lie on the surface of the bone

Derived from mesenchymal stem cells

Synthesize and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix - matrix that is not yet mineralized is called osteoid

The matrix is then mineralized by calcium salts

25
describe osteocytes
Osteocytes are osteoblasts that become trapped in mineralized bone They lie within spaces called lacunae They contact other osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi Osteocytes also appear to communicate with osteoblasts
26
how can we tell the difference between bone and cementum from osteocytes
We can tell the difference between cementum and bone through the osteo/cementocytes as in cementum we cannot usually see the canaliculi and if we can see them then the canaliculi are only on one side, facing the PDL as this is where the cementum’s nutrients comes from
27
describe osteoclasts
Large, multinucleate cells derived from haemopoietic stem cells They are related to macrophages They resorb bone (acid phosphatases) They lie in concavities in bone called howship’s lacunae
28
what is bone remodelling controlled by
osteoblasts
29
what i the process of bone turnover regulate dby
hormones - PTH, calcitonin | paracrine - various cytokines
30
what happens in bone turnover
PTH and signaling molecules increase the number and activity of the osteoclasts – osteoclasts which will resorb bone on one side On the other side the osteoblasts work to secrete osteoid (matrix)
31
what is the reversal line
There is a scalloped edge which shows where the bone resorption changes to bone deposition
32
what does tooth movement require
remodeling of adjacent soft and hard tissues
33
when do tooth movements occur
During eruption – tooth eruption requires the resorption of the crypt where the tooth is actually present and resorption of where the root will form so that the root can take this place Post-eruptive (e.g mesial drift) Orthodontic forces
34
what is cartilage
semirigid, unmineralized connective tissue
35
how is cartilage similar to bone
Its matrix is similar to bone, made up of: Ground substance Fibres
36
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline fibrocartilage elastic
37
where is hyaline cartilage found
Widespread (present almost everywhere) Larynx, nasal septum, trachea, ends of ribs (costal cartilages), articular surfaces, embryonic skeleton (precursor to bone)
38
where is fibrocartilage found
Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
39
where is elastic cartilage found
External ear Epiglottis Eustacian tube
40
what is cartilage formed by
chondroblasts
41
how is cartilage different to bone
avascular
42
what are the two ways bone can grow
endochondral ossification | intramembranous ossification
43
what bones are formed via endochondral classification
long bones | base of the skull
44
what does endochondral ossification consist of
cartilage being replaced by bone - the cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone
45
what bones are formed via intramembranous ossification
flat bones
46
describe intramembranous ossification
o Bone is formed de novo in C.T | o There is no cartilage precursor
47
what are the bones of the skull formed by
intramembranous ossification – it forms the vault of the skull calcification occurs between membranes
48
describe endochondral ossification
Initially a cartilage skeleton is laid down The cartilage is replaced with bone There are several centres of ossification Cartilage proliferation (and growth) occurs at the epiphyses
49
What is the process of endochondral ossification
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes that produce a cartilage model of the future bony skeleton Blood vessels on the edge of the cartilage model bring osteoblasts that deposit a bony collar Capillaries penetrate cartilage and deposit bone inside the cartilage model forming the primary ossification centre Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at the ends of bone while medullary cavity expands and remodels Secondary ossification centres develop after birth Hyaline cartilage remains at growth plate and at joint surface as articular cartilage
50
what is synchondrosis
is an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage
51
what is the sphenooccipital synchondrosis a major contributor to
post natal growth – growth at the synchondrosis lengthens this area of the cranial base and bone remodelling on surfaces is also important
52
what is achondroplasia
It is a defect in cartilage growth | Endochondral bone growth is impaired while intramembranous bone growth is unaffected
53
what does the condylar cartilage form by
forms by endochondral calcification
54
what dissapears when teeth are extracted
alveolar process
55
What are the steps to intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal cells group into clusters, differentiate into osteoblasts and ossification centres form Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts which then become osteocytes Trabecular matrix and periosteum form Compact bone develops superficial to the trabecular bone, and crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow
56
How does the mandible grow
through both endochondral and intramembranous ossification
57
What is the sphene-occipital synchondrosis
This is the joint between the sphenoid and occipital bone | There is endochondral ossification here because we require the base of the skull to elongate

BDS2 BAMS Oral Biology (10 decks)

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