Oral Functions 4 - reflexes and speech Flashcards

(72 cards)

1
Q

what are the 3 stages of swallowing

A

buccal
pharyngeal
oesophageal

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2
Q

what is the buccal phase

A

it is the voluntary phase

the bolus moves up and down against the hard palate and it is pushed into the oropharynx

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3
Q

what is the function of saliva in swallowing

A

it secretes enzymes

lingual lipase and salivary amylase

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4
Q

what does the water content of saliva do

A

it binds particles together to create a bolus

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5
Q

what is deglutition

A

food passing from mouth to stomach

consists of voluntary and involuntary contractions

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6
Q

what is deglutition controlled by

A

nervous system

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7
Q

what is the pharyngeal phase

A

involuntary
move food from pharynx to oesophagus
signals are sent from the medulla to close off the epiglottis and the uvula closes over

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8
Q

what is the esophageal phase

A

peristalsis

progression of involuntary wave like contractions

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9
Q

what are the two functions of swallowing

A

feeding function

protective function

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10
Q

what is swallowing

A

process by which the accumulated food bolus is transported through the lower pharynx and oesophagus to the stomach (feeding function)

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11
Q

how is swallowing preventative

A

it prevents ingested material from entering the lower airway

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12
Q

how is swallowing potentially dangerous

A

because the foodway crosses the airway

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13
Q

describe the process of swallowing liquids

A

liquids are gather on the tongue anterior to the pillars of the fauces
the liquid is then propelled through the oro- and hypo-pharynx and then into the oesophagus

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14
Q

what separates the mouth from the pharynx when swallowing liquids

A

the POSTERIOR ORAL SEAL

when swallowing liquid there is an oral seal

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15
Q

describe the process of swallowing solids

A

chewed food material accumulated on the pharyngeal part of the tongue and vallecula (-oro pharynx)
the bolus is then propelled through the tongue through the hypo-pharynx and then into the oesophagus

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16
Q

is there an oral seal when swallowing solids

A

NO

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17
Q

describe the squeeze back mechanism

A

the forward movement of the tongue during the occlusal and initial opening phases creates a contact between the tongue and the hard palate

the contact zone moves progressively backwards, squeezing the processed food through the fauces

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18
Q

what are the events of swallowing

A

propulsion of food
preventing of ‘reflux’
protecting the airway

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19
Q

what does the duration of the masticatory sequence vary with

A

food consistency

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20
Q

what do the masticatory muscles do in humans

A

stabilize the swallowing process

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21
Q

how is reflux prevented

A

elevation of soft palate
sides of tongue contacts pillar of fauces
dorsum of tongue contacts posterior pharyngeal wall
upper oesophageal sphincter
lower oesophageal sphincter

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22
Q

what is erosion

A

tooth surface loss

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23
Q

how can stomach acid erode teeth

A

by reflux
vomiting
regurgitation
rumination

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24
Q

when palatal erosion is seen what is most likely

A

stomach acid

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25
what is attrition
tooth wear occlusally caused by contact between occluding teeth
26
what is attrition usually due to
bruxism/parafunction
27
what is seen in attrition
the teeth inter digitate indicating that attrition is occurring equal amounts between upper and lower
28
what is recommended for those with bruxism
psychological caused condition can't 'treat' can offer relaxation techniques mouthguard to protect teeth
29
what is abrasion
due to another object
30
what may abrasion be caused of
might be caused by biting or chewing objects between the teeth for example tobacco pipes, nails or pens
31
what is the most common presentation of tooth wear
the result of a combined lesion involving erosion and abrasion
32
why does acid make the teeth more susceptible to abrasion from toothbrushing
acid weakens the outer 3-5 microns of mineralized tissue
33
what is abfractions
stress lesions
34
how does abfractions present
wedge shaped notch
35
what is abreaction's caused by
flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading (cervical regions)
36
what is the breakdown of abfractions depend on
magnitude, duration and frequency and location of the occlusal forces
37
how is the airway protected
upward and forward movement of the larynx closure of laryngeal inlet (aryepiglottic muscles and epiglottis) adduction of vocal folds stop breathing (apnea)
38
what is dysphasia
a specific language disorder
39
what does dysphasia involve
damage to particular parts of the brain: broca's area wercicke's area
40
what is dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
41
what is odynophagia
pathological condition in which the affected person experiences extreme pain when swallowing
42
what is dysarthria
difficulty speaking that is caused by problems with the muscles used in speech
43
what is dysarthria due to
neuromuscular defects | lesions in descending neural pathways, cranial nerves, vocal muscles, neuromuscular junctions
44
what are the oral causes of language and speech defects
``` malocclusions loss of teeth and denture related cleft lip/palate tongue related dry mouth ```
45
what are the different reasons for anterior open bites
digit sucking skeletal origin tongue thrust
46
what is a cleft palate
oral and nasal cavities are not separated
47
how is speech effected in a cleft palate patient
it has nasal quality
48
how is cleft palate treated
has to be repaired or filled with an obturator
49
what are conditions affecting the tongue
tongue tie partial atrophy tongue stud
50
what is xerostomia
dry mouth
51
what is one fo the serious repercussions of dry mouth
impeded speech | without adequate saliva production, pronouncing words becomes difficult
52
how do those with xerostomia find difficult in relation to speaking
they cannot swallow and start talking normally
53
what is a tori
benign bone tumor | no malignant transformation
54
what is the effect of tori
won't cause any issues | difficult to have RPD with it due to its interference with the major connector
55
what are denture related speech problems
problems mainly arise from restricted tongue space the denture base plate being too thick the artificial teeth not being set properly
56
what sounds does the position of the tongue involved in
th/s/sh
57
how should the denture base be shaped
so the tongue can form narrow channel in the midline for producing the s sound
58
what does excessive thickening of the palate laterally resulting
prevents close adoption of the tongue to the palate so that the s becomes sh
59
what problems does a wrong occlusal plane result in
issues pronouncing f v and ph labiodental sounds fricative sounds
60
how should dentures be fabricated
to a morphology that does not cause interference with tongue/lip/cheek movement
61
what may loss of maxillary anterior teeth prevent
clear reproduction of certain sounds particularly f and v
62
how are f and v sounds made
lower lip contacting the edges of maxillary incisors
63
during fricative sounds what do the tips of maxillary incisor teeth touch
the vermillion border of the lip
64
what are the terms in regards to anatomy of the lips
``` philtrum cupids bow vermillion border commisure vermillion zone ```
65
how may the tone of the lips and cheeks be assessed when replacing missing teeth
by asking fundamental questions | this will indicate the functional relationship of the lips and tongue to dentures in speech
66
what do the aerodigestive tract and facial tissues produce
vocal sounds | contribute to the playing of wind instruments
67
what is embouchure
the position and use of lips and tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument
68
what factors might influence the final choice of treament
``` cost effects on adjacent teeth aesthetics function life span ```
69
what does the trumpet tend to do
its mouthpiece is usually centered on the lips | tends to move all front teeth back
70
what are issues for musicians and dentists
teeth - restorations, loss and replacement aesthetics tongue facial muscles - lips and cheeks
71
when do we find out about wind instruments players
during social history taking
72
How is the airway protected during swallowing
apnea upward and forward movement of hyoid-laryngeal complex and a closure of the laryngeal inlet (depression of epiglottis and adduction of vocal cords)