Oral Functions 4 - reflexes and speech

Question 1

what are the 3 stages of swallowing

Answer 1

buccal
pharyngeal
oesophageal

Question 2

what is the buccal phase

Answer 2

it is the voluntary phase

the bolus moves up and down against the hard palate and it is pushed into the oropharynx

Question 3

what is the function of saliva in swallowing

Answer 3

it secretes enzymes

lingual lipase and salivary amylase

Question 4

what does the water content of saliva do

Answer 4

it binds particles together to create a bolus

Question 5

what is deglutition

Answer 5

food passing from mouth to stomach

consists of voluntary and involuntary contractions

Question 6

what is deglutition controlled by

Answer 6

nervous system

Question 7

what is the pharyngeal phase

Answer 7

involuntary
move food from pharynx to oesophagus
signals are sent from the medulla to close off the epiglottis and the uvula closes over

Question 8

what is the esophageal phase

Answer 8

peristalsis

progression of involuntary wave like contractions

Question 9

what are the two functions of swallowing

Answer 9

feeding function

protective function

Question 10

what is swallowing

Answer 10

process by which the accumulated food bolus is transported through the lower pharynx and oesophagus to the stomach (feeding function)

Question 11

how is swallowing preventative

Answer 11

it prevents ingested material from entering the lower airway

Question 12

how is swallowing potentially dangerous

Answer 12

because the foodway crosses the airway

Question 13

describe the process of swallowing liquids

Answer 13

liquids are gather on the tongue anterior to the pillars of the fauces
the liquid is then propelled through the oro- and hypo-pharynx and then into the oesophagus

Question 14

what separates the mouth from the pharynx when swallowing liquids

Answer 14

the POSTERIOR ORAL SEAL

when swallowing liquid there is an oral seal

Question 15

describe the process of swallowing solids

Answer 15

chewed food material accumulated on the pharyngeal part of the tongue and vallecula (-oro pharynx)
the bolus is then propelled through the tongue through the hypo-pharynx and then into the oesophagus

Question 16

is there an oral seal when swallowing solids

Answer 16

NO

Question 17

describe the squeeze back mechanism

Answer 17

the forward movement of the tongue during the occlusal and initial opening phases creates a contact between the tongue and the hard palate

the contact zone moves progressively backwards, squeezing the processed food through the fauces

Question 18

what are the events of swallowing

Answer 18

propulsion of food
preventing of ‘reflux’
protecting the airway

Question 19

what does the duration of the masticatory sequence vary with

Answer 19

food consistency

Question 20

what do the masticatory muscles do in humans

Answer 20

stabilize the swallowing process

Question 21

how is reflux prevented

Answer 21

elevation of soft palate
sides of tongue contacts pillar of fauces
dorsum of tongue contacts posterior pharyngeal wall
upper oesophageal sphincter
lower oesophageal sphincter

Question 22

what is erosion

Answer 22

tooth surface loss

Question 23

how can stomach acid erode teeth

Answer 23

by reflux
vomiting
regurgitation
rumination

Question 24

when palatal erosion is seen what is most likely

Answer 24

stomach acid

Question 25

what is attrition

Answer 25

tooth wear occlusally caused by contact between occluding teeth

Question 26

what is attrition usually due to

Answer 26

bruxism/parafunction

Question 27

what is seen in attrition

Answer 27

the teeth inter digitate indicating that attrition is occurring equal amounts between upper and lower

Question 28

what is recommended for those with bruxism

Answer 28

psychological caused condition can't 'treat' can offer relaxation techniques mouthguard to protect teeth

Question 29

what is abrasion

Answer 29

due to another object

Question 30

what may abrasion be caused of

Answer 30

might be caused by biting or chewing objects between the teeth for example tobacco pipes, nails or pens

Question 31

what is the most common presentation of tooth wear

Answer 31

the result of a combined lesion involving erosion and abrasion

Question 32

why does acid make the teeth more susceptible to abrasion from toothbrushing

Answer 32

acid weakens the outer 3-5 microns of mineralized tissue

Question 33

what is abfractions

Answer 33

stress lesions

Question 34

how does abfractions present

Answer 34

wedge shaped notch

Question 35

what is abreaction's caused by

Answer 35

flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading (cervical regions)

Question 36

what is the breakdown of abfractions depend on

Answer 36

magnitude, duration and frequency and location of the occlusal forces

Question 37

how is the airway protected

Answer 37

upward and forward movement of the larynx closure of laryngeal inlet (aryepiglottic muscles and epiglottis) adduction of vocal folds stop breathing (apnea)

Question 38

what is dysphasia

Answer 38

a specific language disorder

Question 39

what does dysphasia involve

Answer 39

damage to particular parts of the brain: broca's area wercicke's area

Question 40

what is dysphagia

Answer 40

difficulty swallowing

Question 41

what is odynophagia

Answer 41

pathological condition in which the affected person experiences extreme pain when swallowing

Question 42

what is dysarthria

Answer 42

difficulty speaking that is caused by problems with the muscles used in speech

Question 43

what is dysarthria due to

Answer 43

neuromuscular defects | lesions in descending neural pathways, cranial nerves, vocal muscles, neuromuscular junctions

Question 44

what are the oral causes of language and speech defects

Answer 44

``` malocclusions loss of teeth and denture related cleft lip/palate tongue related dry mouth ```

Question 45

what are the different reasons for anterior open bites

Answer 45

digit sucking skeletal origin tongue thrust

Question 46

what is a cleft palate

Answer 46

oral and nasal cavities are not separated

Question 47

how is speech effected in a cleft palate patient

Answer 47

it has nasal quality

Question 48

how is cleft palate treated

Answer 48

has to be repaired or filled with an obturator

Question 49

what are conditions affecting the tongue

Answer 49

tongue tie partial atrophy tongue stud

Question 50

what is xerostomia

Answer 50

dry mouth

Question 51

what is one fo the serious repercussions of dry mouth

Answer 51

impeded speech | without adequate saliva production, pronouncing words becomes difficult

Question 52

how do those with xerostomia find difficult in relation to speaking

Answer 52

they cannot swallow and start talking normally

Question 53

what is a tori

Answer 53

benign bone tumor | no malignant transformation

Question 54

what is the effect of tori

Answer 54

won't cause any issues | difficult to have RPD with it due to its interference with the major connector

Question 55

what are denture related speech problems

Answer 55

problems mainly arise from restricted tongue space the denture base plate being too thick the artificial teeth not being set properly

Question 56

what sounds does the position of the tongue involved in

Answer 56

th/s/sh

Question 57

how should the denture base be shaped

Answer 57

so the tongue can form narrow channel in the midline for producing the s sound

Question 58

what does excessive thickening of the palate laterally resulting

Answer 58

prevents close adoption of the tongue to the palate so that the s becomes sh

Question 59

what problems does a wrong occlusal plane result in

Answer 59

issues pronouncing f v and ph labiodental sounds fricative sounds

Question 60

how should dentures be fabricated

Answer 60

to a morphology that does not cause interference with tongue/lip/cheek movement

Question 61

what may loss of maxillary anterior teeth prevent

Answer 61

clear reproduction of certain sounds particularly f and v

Question 62

how are f and v sounds made

Answer 62

lower lip contacting the edges of maxillary incisors

Question 63

during fricative sounds what do the tips of maxillary incisor teeth touch

Answer 63

the vermillion border of the lip

Question 64

what are the terms in regards to anatomy of the lips

Answer 64

``` philtrum cupids bow vermillion border commisure vermillion zone ```

Question 65

how may the tone of the lips and cheeks be assessed when replacing missing teeth

Answer 65

by asking fundamental questions | this will indicate the functional relationship of the lips and tongue to dentures in speech

Question 66

what do the aerodigestive tract and facial tissues produce

Answer 66

vocal sounds | contribute to the playing of wind instruments

Question 67

what is embouchure

Answer 67

the position and use of lips and tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument

Question 68

what factors might influence the final choice of treament

Answer 68

``` cost effects on adjacent teeth aesthetics function life span ```

Question 69

what does the trumpet tend to do

Answer 69

its mouthpiece is usually centered on the lips | tends to move all front teeth back

Question 70

what are issues for musicians and dentists

Answer 70

teeth - restorations, loss and replacement aesthetics tongue facial muscles - lips and cheeks

Question 71

when do we find out about wind instruments players

Answer 71

during social history taking

Question 72

How is the airway protected during swallowing

Answer 72

apnea upward and forward movement of hyoid-laryngeal complex and a closure of the laryngeal inlet (depression of epiglottis and adduction of vocal cords)