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HIstology > Bone and Ossifciation > Flashcards

Bone and Ossifciation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major supporting framework of the body?

A

bone

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2
Q

Bone is the major reservoir for___-

A

calcium

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3
Q

soluable salts must be transported from blood vessels to osteocytes by…

A

canaliculi because deposits of calcium int he matrix prevent diffusion of soluble salts

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4
Q

what are the two forms of bone?

A

compact dense bone spongy trabecular/cancellous bone

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5
Q

What are the organic components of bone?

A

type I collagen (90%) proteoglycans and other proteins (10%)

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6
Q

What do the organic components of bone contribute to the structure?

A

elasticity

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7
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone?

A

calcium phosphate (hdyroxyapatite crystals)

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8
Q

What do the inorganic components of bone contribute to the structure?

A

Bone rigidity

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9
Q

What type of growth does bone illustrate?

A

appositional only (periosteum)

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10
Q

Periosteum surrounds

A

most bone except articular surfaces insertion of tendons insertion of ligaments

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft primarily compact bone with marrow cavity at center

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12
Q

Epiphysis

A

bulbous expanded ends of bone primarily spongy bone covered by thin layer of compact bone

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13
Q

metaphysis

A

funnel shaped region that connects diaphysis with epiphysis SPONGY BONE

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14
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

separates epiphysis from diaphysis cartiligenous connected to diaphysis by spongy bone (metaphyssis) RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASE IN LENGTH OF GROWING BONE

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15
Q

osteoclast bone reabsorbtion

A

acidic environment lose rigidity

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16
Q

What are the two types of bones?

A

Compact bones or trabecular

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17
Q

Where is the outter circuferentia lamellae?

A

It is located under the periosteum, and it is the external surface of the compact bone.

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18
Q

What type of bone is the intersitial lamellae?

A

Compact lamellae haversian

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19
Q

What type of bone is the outter circumferentia lamellae?

A

compact lamellae non haversian

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20
Q

What type bone is the inner circumferentia lamellae?

A

compact lamellae non haversian

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21
Q

What does non haversian mean?

A

It does not have any blood vessels in the center.

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22
Q

What type of bone is bone marrow?

A

Trabeclar lamellae non haverian

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23
Q

How do periosteal and endosteal communicate with the haversian canal?

A

Through the volksmanns canal

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24
Q

Osteonectin

A

It is made by osteoblast. It helps with the mineralization of the bone.

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25
What type of bone is the haversian system/ osteon?
compact lamellar haversian bone
26
Where is the inner cirucmferential lamellae found
under the endosteum
27
Endosteum
lines marrow cavity and spaces in spongy bone become osteoblast when repair is necessary (fractures)
28
Intersistial lamellae are round
between osteons and separated fromt hem by cement line
29
Outer layer of perisoteum
alot of collagen and blood vessels then penetrate volksmanns canal few fibroblast
30
Inner layer of Periosteum
Lined with osteoproginator cells
31
Non Callgenous Matrix Proteins of bone matrix
osteocalcin osteopontin osteonectin
32
Osteocalin
inhbiits osteoblast function/ bone mineralization
33
Osteonectin
made by osteoblast properties in mineralization of bone
34
What type of growth does bone exhibit
appositional growht
35
Where are sharpeys fibers seen?
outer layer of periosteum
36
What do sharpays fibers do?
thick collagen fibers that penetrate outer layer of periosteum
37
How do the cirumferential lamellae (non-haversian) get their nutrients and excrete waste?
the osteocytes exchange nutrients and waste products with blood vessels in the marrow cavity
38
Where are osteoprogentiro cells found?
in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum bone lining cells (osteocytes) but reactivate during repair of bone fractures and other injuries
39
Where do osteocytes reside?
mature bone lacunae of concentric lamellae arranged between lamellae and interconnected by canaliculi
40
What does the cement line separate?
haversian canals from interstitial lamellae
41
osteoblast are derived from
osteoprogenitor cells
42
Osteocytes are derived from
monocyte-marcophage lineage in bone marrow
43
osteocytes become trapped in the
calcified matrix of the lamellae (lacunae)
44
What interconnected adjacent lacunae?
canniculi
45
What type of junction interconnects canaliculi
gap junctions (ions and low molecular weight molecules)
46
How do high moelcular weight molecules pass between cells
via diffusion through the extraceullar mediumin the canliculus surrounding the filopodia
47
Filopodia
cytoplasmic projection
48
osteopontin
formation of sealing zone
49
Bone sialoprotein
mediates binding of osteoblast to ECM through integrins
50
Osteoid
soft tissue under osteoblast non-mineralized organic matrix unlike bone has no calciumphosphate
51
Osteocytes are
terminally differentiated cells in charge ofmaintaining the ECM of the bone
52
osteoblast
synthesize osteoid control mineralization fo the matrix control differentiation of the osteoclast (RANKYL)
53
What are hte major protein products of osteoblast
type 1 collagen RANKL (osteoclast precursor cells) osteocalcin-bone mineralization osteopontin (formation of sealing zone) bone sialprotein (mediate bonding of osteoblast to ECM through interins)
54
The differentiation of osteoblast to osteocytes are regulated by
1. Bone morphogentic protein 2. Transforming growth factor beta 3. cbfa1/runx2 (Transcription factors ) 4. osterix (TF)
55
Alkaline Phosphatase
ectoenzyme (surface protein) reacts strongly with osteoblast but disappears when osteoblast ceases protein synthesis ( becomes osteocytes)
56
Vitamin D (osteoblast)
regulates expression of osteocalcin (mineralzation with Calcium)
57
growth hormone ( osteoblast)
produces IGF-1/somatomedian C which stimulates growht of long bones at level of epiphyseal plate
58
Parathryoid hormone
simtulates osteoclast of break down bone and release Calcium
59
RANKYL (osteoblast)
receptor for activation of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (nf-kb) present in osteoclast precursor cellls
60
life of bone matrix depends on
osteocytes
61
ARe osteoclast uninuclear or multinuclear?
multinuclear
62
Where are osteoclast found?
howships lacunae/substeocalstic compartment
63
osteoclast create what type of environment?
acidic- required for bone reabsorbtion
64
Osteoclast reabsorbtion
dissolution of inorganic parts of bone (rigidity) bone demineralization H-ATPase followed by enzymatic degradation of organic matrix (by protease cathepsin K)
65
Osteoclast
Large rich in mitocondria and acidified vesicles ruffled border (active surface facing lacuna) -multinucleated
66
Osteoclast activity is regulated by
calcitonin vitamin d3 regulatory moedlcules of osteoblast and stormal cells of bone marrow
67
where is the ruffled border of the osteoclast?
basolateral domain
68
Where is the sealing zone of the osteoclast?
Apical domain
69
What contributes to the sealing zone of osteoclast
osteopontin alpha v beta three integrin actin
70
What mechanisms do osteoclast have to maintain the intergrit of its ph and the cytoplasm around it?
HC03- / CL Exchangers to pump out bicarbonate and maintain cytoplasmic electroneutrality cloride channels to pump out cl- and maintain the acidity of the osteoclast and howships lacune carbonic andydrase Ii (generates prtons from (co2+h20-\> hc03- + h+) the h+ is relased to howships lacuna by h-atpase pump to create acididc environment ) Cathespin K released into howships lacuna to degrade epxosed organic matrix (collagen)
71
What is the purpose of the sealing zone?
keeps the contents inside the howships lacuna
72
Osteoblast are active in repsonse to calcium mobilzation in from the bone to blood
because it breakd down bone
73
when there is less vitmain d what happens to osteoclast activity
it goes up
74
osteoclastogenesis (osteoclast differenentiation) is triggered by 2 molecules
macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) nuclear fator kappa (NF-kb) ligand (RANKL)
75
describe osteoclast development
1. there is a monocyte with a MCSF receptor on it 2. The osteoblast releases MSSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor ) LIgand which attaches to the receptor on the monocyte 3. this in turn , transforms the monocyte into a macrophage 4. this binding induces th eexpression of RANK which will will bind to RANK ligand epressed off the surfact of the osteoblast 5. the mononucleated monocyte becuase hte mutlinucleated osteoclast precursor but still does not have the ability to absorb bone 6. The resting (nonfunctional osteoclat uncouples fromt he osteoblast) 7. osteoblast maturation is completed when the sealing zone of the ruffle border appears
76
how is osteoclatogensis inhibited
by osteoprotegerin (from osteoblast) by blocking RANKL binding to receptor
77
Osteopetrosis
bone fragility high bone density due to absent osteoclastic activity stone like bone lack of MCSF can lead to occlusion of marrow spaces and anemia
78
Osteoporosis
fragile bone excessive osteoclastic activity and deficient osteoblastic activity Menopause- defc in estrogen treatment with calcium and vitamin b
79
osteomalacia
soft bone defect in mineralization vitmaind d deficiency (rickets) chronic kidney disease
80
osteosclerosis
increased bone mass due to increase osteoblast activitiy
81
Denosumal
RANKl antibody functions like osteoprotegerin decreases osteoclastogenesis
82
Intramembranous ossification
bones of jaw skull bone is deposited directly within embroynic connective tissue
83
Endochondrial Ossification

HIstology (17 decks)

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