Bone & Biomechanics 1

Question 1

Where do bodies in the labs come from?

Answer 1

Bequests

Question 2

What is informed consent?

Answer 2

People while alive make the free choice to donate their bodies.

Question 3

What type of consent is required for the bodies to be used?

Answer 3

Dual consent from a family member and the donor

Question 4

How long are bodies held for?

Answer 4

Approximately 18 months but if used for teaching may be longer

Question 5

What are molecules made from?

Answer 5

Atoms

Question 6

How are cells formed?

Answer 6

Interaction of molecules

Question 7

What do cells do?

Answer 7

Secrete and regulate extracellular materials and fluid

Question 8

What forms tissue?

Answer 8

Cells and extracellular fluid

Question 9

What are the four types of tissue?

Answer 9

Epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective

Question 10

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Answer 10

Covering exposed surfaces, lining internal passageways and forming secretory glands

Question 11

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 11

Providing protection and sensation, controlling permeability, producing specialised secretions

Question 12

What is an example of epithelial tissue?

Answer 12

Glands and epithelia

Question 13

What are glands?

Answer 13

A collection of cells which secrete things

Question 14

What are the two types of glands?

Answer 14

Endocrine and Exocrine

Question 15

Exocrine glands secrete things…

Answer 15

through a duct

Question 16

Endocrine glands secrete things…

Answer 16

into the blood

Question 17

Where is connective tissue found?

Answer 17

Filling internal spaces, providing structural support and storing energy

Question 18

What are the three types of connective tissue?

Answer 18

Proper, fluid and supporting

Question 19

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 19

Structure, transporting fluids and dissolved materials, protection, support surround and connect other tissue types, store energy, defend body from microorganisms

Question 20

What are examples of connective tissue?

Answer 20

collagen fibres and elastic fibres

Question 21

What do collagen fibres do?

Answer 21

Resist pull

Question 22

What do elastic fibres do?

Answer 22

Stretch (don’t resist pull)

Question 23

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 23

Contracting to produce movement

Question 24

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 24

Cardiac, smooth and skeletal

Question 25

What is then function of nervous tissue?

Answer 25

Conducting electrical impulses and carrying information

Question 26

What is nervous tissue made of?

Answer 26

Neurons with large heads and axons swell as supporting glia which give structure, support and repair

Question 27

What is homeostasis?

Answer 27

Balance of controlled variables within the body

Question 28

What does homeostasis rely on?

Answer 28

Regulatory mechanisms which ensure controlled variables don't move too far from the set point

Question 29

What is feedback?

Answer 29

When the controlled variable moves too far from the set point and responses from the body attempt to move the variable back to normal.

Question 30

What is feedforward?

Answer 30

When there is an anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, you may consciously or unconsciously do something to minimise the effect

Question 31

Why is the anatomical position important?

Answer 31

It creates clarity when talking about the person

Question 32

Superior

Answer 32

Above

Question 33

Inferior

Answer 33

Below

Question 34

Medial

Answer 34

Towards the midline

Question 35

Lateral

Answer 35

Away from the midline

Question 36

Proximal

Answer 36

Towards then point of attachment of a limb

Question 37

Distal

Answer 37

Away from the point of attachment of a limb

Question 38

Anterior

Answer 38

The front surface

Question 39

Posterior

Answer 39

The back surface

Question 40

Deep

Answer 40

Further from the surface

Question 41

Superficial

Answer 41

Closer to the surface

Question 42

Where does the sagittal plane cut?

Answer 42

From front to back giving left and right portions

Question 43

What divides the body into a mirror image?

Answer 43

Midsaggital/medial plane

Question 44

Where does the coronal plane cut?

Answer 44

From left to right giving anterior and posterior sections

Question 45

Where does the transverse plane cut?

Answer 45

Across giving superior and inferior sections

Question 46

What movements occur in the saggital plane?

Answer 46

Back and forward movements

Question 47

What movements occur in the coronal plane?

Answer 47

Side to side movements

Question 48

What movements occur in the transverse plane?

Answer 48

Rotating movements

Question 49

What is flexion?

Answer 49

Movement decreasing the angle between fleshy points of the limb

Question 50

What is extension?

Answer 50

Movement increasing the angle between fleshy points of the limb

Question 51

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 51

Upward movement of the foot/toes

Question 52

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 52

Downward movement of the foot/toes

Question 53

What is abduction?

Answer 53

Movement at the joint moving limb away from the midline

Question 54

What is adduction?

Answer 54

Movement at the joint moving limb towards the midline

Question 55

Where is the midline of the hands?

Answer 55

Middle finger

Question 56

What is circumduction?

Answer 56

Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

Question 57

What is rotation?

Answer 57

Around the long axis of a joint (can be medial and lateral)

Question 58

What is pronation?

Answer 58

Palms face posterior

Question 59

What is supination?

Answer 59

Palms face anterior

Question 60

What is inversion?

Answer 60

Sole of foot moves towards midline

Question 61

What is eversion?

Answer 61

Sole of foot moves away from midline