Structure and Layout of Major Brain Areas, Sensory and Motor Pathways

Question 1

What are the lobes of the brain?

Answer 1

Frontal lober, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe and cerebellum

Question 2

What is a sulcus?

Answer 2

Furrow/valley

Question 3

What is sulci?

Answer 3

Furrows/valleys

Question 4

What is a gyrus?

Answer 4

Hill

Question 5

What are gyri?

Answer 5

Hills

Question 6

What does the central sulcus separate?

Answer 6

Frontal and parietal lobes

Question 7

What does the parietal-occipital sulcus separate?

Answer 7

Parietal and occipital lobes

Question 8

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

Answer 8

The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 9

What does the transverse fissure separate?

Answer 9

Cerebrum from cerebellum

Question 10

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 10

Motor control, language and personality

Question 11

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 11

Somatosensory (afferent sensory information processed)

Question 12

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

Answer 12

Vision

Question 13

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 13

Memory and hearing

Question 14

What is the cerebral cortex also called?

Answer 14

Cerebrum

Question 15

What is the white matter in the brain called?

Answer 15

Corpus callosum

Question 16

What is included in the brainstem?

Answer 16

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblngata

Question 17

What is included in the diencephalon?

Answer 17

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 18

Where is the diencephalon found?

Answer 18

Above the brain stem

Question 19

Where is the level of the foramen magnum?

Answer 19

At the bottom of the brain stem (in line with the medulla oblongata)

Question 20

What is the thalamus part of?

Answer 20

The diencephalon and not the brainstem

Question 21

How many types of white matter are there in the brain?

Answer 21

3

Question 22

Where is the grey matter in the brain?

Answer 22

The cerebral cortex

Question 23

Hoe many deep nuclei (cell bodies) are in the brain?

Answer 23

4

Question 24

What are the types of white matter in the brain?

Answer 24

Commisural Tracts, Projection Tracts and Association Tracts

Question 25

What do commissural tract axons do?

Answer 25

Cross from side to side (one side of the brain to the other) in both directions

Question 26

What is an example of a commissural tract?

Answer 26

Corpus callosum

Question 27

What do projection tract axons do?

Answer 27

Extend between cortex and other CNS areas outside the cerebrum

Question 28

What is an example of a projection tract?

Answer 28

Corticospinal tract

Question 29

What do the axons of association tracts do?

Answer 29

Axons are on the same side within the cerebral cortex and allow for communication between brain areas (short or long distance)

Question 30

What is found before the central sulcus?

Answer 30

The pre-central gyrus

Question 31

What is found after the central sulcus?

Answer 31

The post-central gyrus

Question 32

What does the precentral gyrus function as?

Answer 32

The primary motor cortex

Question 33

What does the primary motor cortex do?

Answer 33

Specific regions of the motor cortex control specific regions of the body

Question 34

How many neurons between the brain and the effector in the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 34

2 (upper motor neuron - neuron#1 and lower motor neuron - neuron#2)

Question 35

What pathway is associated with the primary motor cortex?

Answer 35

Corticospinal

Question 36

Where is the cell body of the upper motor neuron of the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 36

In the primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)

Question 37

Where is the axon of the upper motor neuron of the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 37

Extends from the motor cortex to the spinal cord on the opposite side

Question 38

Where is the synapse of the upper motor neuron of the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 38

On the lower motor neuron

Question 39

Where is the cell body of the lower motor neuron of the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 39

In the ventral horn (grey matter) of the spinal cord

Question 40

Where is the axon of the lower motor neuron of the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 40

Extends out of the spinal cord (ventral root) into the body

Question 41

Where is the synapse of the lower motor neuron of the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 41

On the skeletal muscle

Question 42

What does the right pre-central gyrus control?

Answer 42

The skeletal muscle on the left side of the body

Question 43

What does the left pre-central gyrus control?

Answer 43

The skeletal muscle on the right side of the body

Question 44

What happens if there is damage to the primary motor cortex?

Answer 44

Muscle weakens and paralysis in region of the body corresponding to the location of damage (on the opposite side to where the damage is in the motor cortex)

Question 45

What does the post-central gyrus function as?

Answer 45

The primary somatosensory cortex

Question 46

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

Answer 46

Specific regions receive sensory information from specific regions of the body

Question 47

What pathway is associated with the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 47

Dorsal/posterior column pathway

Question 48

How many neurons between the sensory receptors in the body and the somatosensory neuron in the post-central gyrus?

Answer 48

3

Question 49

Where is the cell body of the neuron #1 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 49

In the dorsal root ganglion (unipolar ganglion)

Question 50

What is input to the cell body of neuron #1 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 50

Peripheral fibre (input zone) from sensory receptor in skin

Question 51

What is the output of the cell body of neuron #1 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 51

Central fibre (output zone) ascends towards brain in dorsal columns (spinal cord white matter)

Question 52

Where is the synapse of neuron #1 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 52

On neuron #2 in the medulla oblongata

Question 53

Where is the cell body of neuron #2 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 53

In the medulla oblongata

Question 54

Where the axon of neuron #2 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 54

Axon crosses to the opposite side and then ascends

Question 55

Where is the synapse of neuron #3 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 55

On cell body of somatosensory cortex neuron

Question 56

Where is the cell body of neuron #3 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 56

In the thalamus

Question 57

Where is the axon of neuron #3 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 57

Ascends to the somatosensory cortex

Question 58

Where is the synapse of neuron #3 of the dorsal/posterior column pathway?

Answer 58

On the cell body of a somatosensory cortex neuron

Question 59

What happens if the cell in the somatosensory cortex that receives information from the dorsal column pathway dies?

Answer 59

Ascending information has no place to go and there is no perception of touch in that area if the body on the opposite side to the damage