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HUBS191 > Bone & Biomechanics 4 > Flashcards

Bone & Biomechanics 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What do soft cells need to do?

A

Maintain their shape as it is needed for their function

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2
Q

How do soft cells maintain their shape?

A

Water moves into cells by osmosis and osmotic pressure gives soft tissue cells their shape

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3
Q

What is the Intercellular fluid?

A

Cytoplasm or cytosol

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4
Q

What must be balanced between the ICF and ECF?

A

Water

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5
Q

How is water lost?

A

By water vapour at the skin and lungs, faeces, sweat glands and urine

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6
Q

How much water is lost by water vapour at the skin and lungs based on an intake of 2200mL?

A

1150mL

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7
Q

How much water is lost in faeces based on an intake of 2200mL?

A

150mL

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8
Q

How much water is lost at sweat glands based on an intake of 2200mL?

A

variable

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9
Q

How much water is lost through urine based on an intake of 2200mL?

A

1200mL

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10
Q

What is also found alongside water in the ICF and ECF?

A

Solutes and ions

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11
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Occurs when the ICF and ECF solutions are balanced

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12
Q

What is the benefit of the ICF having a larger volume and water content?

A

If damage occurs to the ECF then it can be fixed by the extra ICF which is present

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13
Q

Which fluid has the larger volume and water content?

A

Intracellular Fluid

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14
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

Occurs when water is lost from the ECF and volume is decreased therefore making the solute concentration higher.

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15
Q

What happens when the ECF becomes hypertonic?

A

An osmotic water shift from the ICF to the ECF restores osmotic equilibrium but decreases the volume of the ICF.

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16
Q

How can dehydration occur?

A

If continual loss of water from the ECF occurs

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17
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

When there is too much water in the ECF

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18
Q

What happens when the ECF becomes hypotonic?

A

Water moves from a low concentration of solutes into the ICF to restore the osmotic equilibrium. This makes the intracellular environment bigger and the cell swells.

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19
Q

Where are ions and electrolytes absorbed?

A

Across the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon

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20
Q

Where are reserves of ions found?

A

Primarily in the skeleton but also in the ICF and ECF

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21
Q

Where does excretion of ions occur?

A

At the kidneys(primary site) and the sweat glands (secondary site)

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22
Q

What are the main ions needed in the body?

A

Potassium, Sodium and Calcium

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23
Q

What are examples of excitable cells?

A

Neurons and muscles

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24
Q

What do excitable cells have?

A

A membrane potential

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25
What cells also have membrane potential?
Epithelial cells
26
What does membrane potential rely on?
The distribution of sodium and potassium ions which are obtained from the diet
27
Where are cations and anions present?
Inside and outside all cells
28
What is the function of the lipid bilayer with regard to ions?
It is an insulator to prevent the free flow of cations and anions
29
What does the distribution of ions create and why?
Membrane potential because they are charged
30
What is the concentration of sodium ions in the ECF?
High
31
What is the concentration of potassium ions in the ECF?
Low
32
What is the concentration of sodium ions in the ICF?
Low
33
What is the concentration of potassium ions in the ICF?
High
34
What is the average resting membrane potential and what does it mean?
-70mV which means there is a slight negative change inside the cell
35
Want is the function of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?
It moves and exchanges sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient and therefore uses energy
36
What is the chemical gradient?
The concentration gradient
37
What is the electrical gradient?
Gradient formed by distribution of the charge
38
What is the electrochemical gradient?
The combination of the electrical and chemical gradients
39
Where does the sodium chemical gradient point?
Into the cell
40
Where does the sodium electrical gradient point?
Into the cell
41
Where does the sodium electrochemical gradient point?
Largely into the cell
42
Where does the potassium chemical gradient point?
Out of the cell
43
Where does the potassium electrical gradient point?
Into the cell
44
Where does the potassium electrochemical gradient point?
Out of the cell slightly
45
Why does the membrane potential change sometimes?
Because of chemical stimuli initiating changes
46
What happens when the membrane potential changes?
Depolarisation or Hyperpolarisation
47
What happens during depolarisation?
The stimulus opens the sodium channel causing it to move into the cell and therefor the membrane potential becomes less negative
48
What happens during hyperpolarisation?
The stimulus opens the potassium channel causing it to move out of the cell and therefore the membrane potential becomes more negative
49
How many muscles are in the body?
Around 600
50
How many different types of muscles are there?
3
51
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Smooth, cardiac and skeletal
52
Where is smooth muscle found?
Lining hollow organs such as the gut and blood vessels
53
Where is cardiac muscle found and what is its function?
In the heart only and it generates force to pump blood around the body
54
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
To apply force to the bones to control posture and movement
55
What muscles are voluntary?
Skeletal muscles
56
Which muscles aren't voluntary?
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
57
What does voluntary control mean?
We can choose when to activate them
58
What is the primary job of skeletal muscles?
To develop tension and force for contraction and movement
59
Describe the force in muscles
It is generated in one direction only and developed by shortening
60
What is the secondary jobs of skeletal muscle?
Providing support and protection for soft internal organs, converting energy to heat so that core temperature can be maintained and providing major storage for energy and protein
61
What does skeletal muscle provide voluntary control for?
Major openings such as the mouth to allow the passage of substances into and out of the body
62
What is the shape of skeletal muscle cells?
Long and thin
63
What do skeletal muscles contain large amounts of?
Protein and nuclei
64
What ensheaths muscle fibres and what is its function
Connective tissue which connects the muscle fibres to the bone
65
What is skeletal muscle richly supplied with?
Blood vessels which are needed to bring glucose and oxygen when exercising. Also nerve endings
66
What are fascicles?
Muscle fibres gathered into bundles
67
What forms muscles?
Bundles of fascicles
68
What does connective tissue ensheath?
Muscle fibres, fascicles and whole muscles
69
What does the epimysium ensheath?
The whole muscle
70
What does the perimysium ensheath?
The fascicles
71
How are tendons formed?
By the gathering of connective tissue which then connects the muscle to bone
72
What is the typical width of muscle fibres?
20-40 micrometres
73
What is the range in length of muscle fibres?
Up to 36cm long
74
What is a muscle fibre comprised of?
Bundles of myofibrils
75
What are myofibrils made of?
Repeating units called sarcomeres
76
What is the sarcomere contained between?
Z lines
77
What indicates the middle of a sarcomere?
The m line
78
What are sarcomeres made of?
Contractile proteins called myofilaments
79
What are the two myofilaments in sarcomeres?
Actin and myosin
80
What is the thin myofilament?
Actin
81
What is the thick myofilament?
Myosin
82
What gives muscle its striped(striated) appearance?
The interlacing of actin and myosin
83
What is the sarcolemma?
The plasma membrane of muscle
84
What are transverse tubules?
Tubular extensions of the surface membrane which penetrate down into muscles
85
What is the functions of t-tubules?
To conduct electrical signals (action potentials) deep into the core of the fibre
86
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
an extensive membranous tubular network which wraps around all of the myofibrils and is associated with the t-tubules at regular intervals
87
what is the terminal cisternae?
The bulgy part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which holds calcium
88
What is a triad?
Includes the terminal cistern, the t-tubule and another terminal cisternae
89
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
To take up and store calcium, then to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm upon receiving an action potential conducted along the t-tubules
90
What is also found in muscle fibres?
Large mitochondria because muscles need lots of energy
91
What is actin?
A globular protein (g-actin) and the globules assemble to form filamentous protein structures (f-actin)
92
What is the structure of f-actin?
Each filament is a twisted strand of 2 rows of f-actin terminating at one end of the z line
93
What is myosin molecules structure?
Myosin molecules have a long thin tail and a globular head which can move
94
What is the structure of a myosin filament?
The thick filament is formed from pairs of myosin molecules arranged with the tails pointing towards the m line and forming a complex double headed structure
95
How do contractile proteins develop force?
by triggered molecular interaction that allows association of the myosin head with the nearby thin actin filament followed by the flexing of the myosin head to allow it to walk along the thin filament. This causes thick and thin filaments to slide past each other
96
What does the arrangement of myosin heads in a sarcomere mean?
The ends of the sarcomere are drawn closer together when flexing of the myosin heads occurs so that the x lines are now closer to the m line
97
What is the process of muscle shortening?
Sarcomeric shortening, myofibril shortens, muscle fibre shortens, whole muscle shortens to produce force and tension
98
What are muscle contractions triggered by?
Electrical events called action potentials
99
What is the path of action potentials?
They arise in the brain and are conducted down the spinal cord to motor neurons in the spinal cord and then conducted out of the CNS along motor axons to muscle fibres
100
What is a neuromuscular junction?
Where the electrical impulse from the brain meets the muscle- the axon of a motor neurone terminates at a single point on the muscle fibre
101
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and the muscles it controls
102
What does action potential do?
Cause change in the membrane potential of muscle fibre and these events cause contraction
103
What does each muscle fibre receive?
Contact from one motor neurone at one site

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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