Innate Immunity: Immune Cells In The Blood

Question 1

What is blood composed of?

Answer 1

Plasma and cells

Question 2

What portion of the blood is plasma?

Answer 2

55%

Question 3

What portion of the blood is formed elements?

Answer 3

45%

Question 4

What is included in the plasm?

Answer 4

Proteins (including antibodies and immunoglobulin), other solutes and water

Question 5

What is included in formed elements?

Answer 5

Platelets, white blood cells (leukocytes) and red blood cells

Question 6

What are bone marrow stem cells the source of?

Answer 6

Blood cells

Question 7

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 7

The process where a stem cell develops into a blood cell

Question 8

What are hematopoietic cells?

Answer 8

Those which can become blood cells

Question 9

What are the three blood lineages?

Answer 9

Erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid

Question 10

What are the 3 blood lineages derived from?

Answer 10

Henatopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 11

What does erythroid lineage make?

Answer 11

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Question 12

What does myeloid make?

Answer 12

Granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets (innate immune cells)

Question 13

What does lymphoid make?

Answer 13

B and t lymphocytes (adaptive immune cells)

Question 14

What lineages make white blood cells?

Answer 14

Myeloid and lymphoid

Question 15

What are granulocytes in blood?

Answer 15

Neutrophils

Question 16

What portion of leukocytes are neutophils?

Answer 16

75%

Question 17

How phagocytic are neutrophils?

Answer 17

Highly

Question 18

What happens to neutrophils during infection?

Answer 18

The numbers in the blood increase

Question 19

What do granulocytes do?

Answer 19

Circulate in the blood and can move into tissue during inflammation

Question 20

What are granulocytes in tissues?

Answer 20

Mast cells

Question 21

Where are mast cells found?

Answer 21

Lining mucosal surfaces (not in blood)

Question 22

What do mast cells do?

Answer 22

Release granules that attract white blood cells to areas of tissue damage

Question 23

Where are monocytes?

Answer 23

Present in the blood

Question 24

How much phagocytosis do monocytes do?

Answer 24

Low phagocytosis

Question 25

What do monocytes do?

Answer 25

Leave blood and develop into macrophages in tissues (spleen, liver)

Question 26

How much phagocytosis do macrophages do?

Answer 26

High phagocytosis

Question 27

What can macrophages do?

Answer 27

Become resident (sessile) or move through tissues (migratory)

Question 28

What are the 3 important functions of monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 28

Phagocytosis, release of chemical messengers, show information about pathogenic microbes to T cells (linking innate and adaptive immunity)

Question 29

Where are dendritic cells found?

Answer 29

In low numbers in the blood and all tissues in contact with the environment

Question 30

Are dendritic cells phagocytosis?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

What are dendritic cells important for?

Answer 31

They are the most important cell type to help trigger adaptive immune responses

Question 32

How do immune system cells move around the body?

Answer 32

They are carried in the blood and lymph

Question 33

What can immune cells being carried around the body do?

Answer 33

Leave the blood and enter into tissues

Question 34

What does lymph in tissues do?

Answer 34

Collects into lymphatic vessels. These drain lymph into lymph nodes

Question 35

What is a virus composed of?

Answer 35

Nuclei acid, nucleocapsid (protein coat) and some have an envelope

Question 36

What are the common building blocks (PAMP’s) of viruses?

Answer 36

Nucleus acid (ssRNA and dsRNA)

Question 37

What is bacteria composed of?

Answer 37

Capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus acid and flagella

Question 38

What are the common building blocks (PAMP’s) of bacteria?

Answer 38

Cell wall, flagella, nucleus acid

Question 39

What part of the cell wall is PAMP?

Answer 39

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid

Question 40

What part of the flagella is PAMP?

Answer 40

Flagellin which is a protein

Question 41

What part of the nuclei acid is PAMP?

Answer 41

Unmethylated CpG DNA

Question 42

Where are pattern recognition receptors found?

Answer 42

In the cell membrane

Question 43

What do pattern recognition receptors do?

Answer 43

Bind to PAMPS

Question 44

What do pattern recognition receptors do once bound to a PAMP?

Answer 44

Sends a signal to upregulate gene transcription for genes which encode proteins which help the immune system to fight the infection

Question 45

Where must viruses be to be detected and why?

Answer 45

Inside the cell because their coating just be removed

Question 46

What are virus and bacteria PAMPS sensed by?

Answer 46

Receptors in phagolysosomes (organelles within the cell)

Question 47

What can phagolysosome receptors do?

Answer 47

Signal to regulate gene transcription

Question 48

What is an example of receptors in phagolysosomes?

Answer 48

Toll like receptors

Question 49

What is a fever?

Answer 49

Abnormally high temperature above 37

Question 50

How does fever occur?

Answer 50

By resetting of the thermostat (hypothalamus)

Question 51

What are pyrogens?

Answer 51

They are released by cells of the immune states to regulate the action of the hypothalamus

Question 52

What happens after ingesting bacteria?

Answer 52

Phagocytes produce the chemical messenger and pyrogens interleukin 1 (IL-1). More IL-1 increases the temperature more

Question 53

Why might a fever be useful?

Answer 53

It inhibits the growth of microorganisms and improves the function of some of the immune cells and molecules

Question 54

What happens as a result of a fever?

Answer 54

Decreased phagocytosis, decreased IL-1 and therefore decreased temperatures