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HUBS191 > Nerve & Muscle- Cells and Organisation of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Nerve & Muscle- Cells and Organisation of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main separations of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord composed of?

A

Neurons and glia

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4
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Peripheral nerves and glia (everything that isn’t the CNS)

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5
Q

What cells classes are in the PNS?

A

Neurons and glia

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6
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Specialised for transmission of information

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7
Q

How many types of neurons are there?

A

4

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8
Q

What is the function of glia?

A

Supporting the neurons

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9
Q

How many types of glia are there?

A

5 (4 in the CNS and 1 in the PNS) which each have a specific function

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10
Q

What are the four structural components of neurons?

A

Dendrites, the cell body, axon and axon terminal

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11
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

To receive input and send information to the cell body

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

Contain the nucleus and organelles as well as summing the inputs

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13
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

To carry electrical impulses (action potentials). It may or may not be myelinated (have a myelin sheath).

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14
Q

What is the function of the axon terminal?

A

It is the end (terminus) of the axon an dis responsible for neurotransmitter (chemical) release

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15
Q

What is. group of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

What is a bundle of axons in the CNS?

A

Tract

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17
Q

What is a group of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex or spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

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18
Q

What is a bundle of axons in the cerebral cortex or spinal cord?

A

White matter

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19
Q

What is a group of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Ganglion

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20
Q

What is a bundle of axons in the PNS?

A

Nerve

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21
Q

What are the functional components of neurons?

A

Input zone, summation zone, conduction zone and output zone

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22
Q

What us included in the input zone?

A

Dendrites and cell body

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23
Q

What is the function of the input zone?

A

Receive chemical stimulus from other neurons

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24
Q

What is the structure of the summation zone?

A

Axon hillock

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25
What is the function of the summation zone?
Summation of the inputs
26
What is included in the conduction zone?
Axon which may be quite long
27
What is the function of the conduction zone?
Carry electrical signals between brain areas, to and from spinal cord or from peripheral sensory receptors and to effector cells
28
What is included in the output zone?
Axon terminals
29
What is the function of the output zone?
Make contact with the input zone of other neurons or effecters and release neurotransmitters (chemical signal)
30
Cells of the. nervous system are...
specialised for specific tasks so they look different. There is a basic shape which all neurons have but a specific shape that individual neurons may have
31
What are the 4 morphological types of neurons?
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar and anaxonic
32
What is the structure of multipolar neurons?
Multiple processes emanating from the cell body
33
What is the structure of bipolar neurons?
Two processes emanating from the cell body (dendrites at one end and axon terminal at the other)
34
What is the structure of unipolar neurons?
One process emanates from the cell body then branches into dendrite and axon
35
What is the structure of anaxonic neurons?
No distinct axon and all processes look alike
36
What are the cells of CNS glia?
Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes
37
What is the functions of astrocytes?
Supply nutrients to neurons, ensheath blood capillaries and help with injury response
38
What is the function of microglia?
Immune cells of the CNA which engulf microorganisms and debris
39
What is the function of ependymal cells?
Line fluid-filled spaced of the brain and spinal cord. They have cilia (hair-like processes) to circulate CSF
40
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Support nerve fibres by ensheathing them with myelin
41
What are the cells of PNS glia?
Schwann cells
42
What is the function of Schwann cells?
Support peripheral nerve fibres, ensheath them with myelin by wrapping their plasma membrane around the axon
43
What are Schwann cells similar to?
Oligodendrocytes
44
What is a myelin sheath?
Lipid (fat) wrapped around the axon
45
Where does the myelin sheath come from in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
46
Where does the myelin sheath come from in the PNS?
Schwann cells
47
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Increasing conduction velocity
48
What is the basic structure the myelin sheath?
Multiple Schwann cells in line with gaps between called nodes of ranvier which increase conduction velocity
49
What is a SYNAPSE?
Where communication between neurons occurs
50
What is the output zone of a neuron close to?
The input zone of another neuron
51
Where is the pre-synaptic neuron found?
Before the synapse
52
What does the function of the pre-synaptic neuron?
To release neurotransmitter (chemical signal) from the axon terminal
53
What does the pre-synaptic neutron contain?
Synaptic vesicles (pockets of neurotransmitters) which are released by exocytosis when an action potential reaches the axon terminal
54
What is the synaptic cleft?
Space between two neurons (output zone of one and input zone of another)
55
Where is the post-synaptic neuron found?
After the synapse
56
What is contained in the post-synaptic neuron?
Receptors for neurotransmitters are in the plasma membrane
57
What is and electrical signal converted to?
Chemical signal (neurotransmitters) and then back to electrical signal
58
Where does the information flow in the nervous system?
Both directions
59
What is information that goes into the brain called?
Afferent and also sometimes called ascending
60
What is information that goes out of the brain called?
Efferent and also sometimes called descending

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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