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Structure & Function 3 > Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Bone Physiology Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

functions of the skeleton?

A

framework and levers
protection
mineral storage
fat storage
production of blood cells

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2
Q

What is bone?

A

it is a rigid form of connective tissue
contains collagen fibres, GAGs and mineral salts

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3
Q

what are GAGs?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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4
Q

what makes up 15% of the weight of the bone?

A

collagen type 1

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5
Q

what makes up 10% of the weight of the bone?

A

organic matrix

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6
Q

what is the mineral component of bone?

A

hydroxyapatite
(CaPO4(H2O)6)

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7
Q

what type of bones are there?

A

long bones, flat bones, irregular bones

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8
Q

long bones?

A

largely tubular with the majority being dense cortical bone

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9
Q

irregular bones?

A

more box-like with larger amounts of cancellous bone within thinner cortical shells

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10
Q

flat bones?

A

thin cortical plates with little cancellous bone between

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11
Q

what does an osteogenic cell develop into?

A

develops into an osteoblast

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12
Q

what does an osteoblast form?

A

forms bone tissue

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13
Q

what does an osteocyte maintain?

A

maintains bone tissue

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14
Q

osteocytes?

A

principal bone cells are osteocytes

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15
Q

osteocytes found where?

A

found in small spaces in the mineralised matrix called lacunae
and small canals termed canaliculi connect adjacent lacunae

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16
Q

what do osteocytes surround?

A

surround Haversian Canals

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17
Q

bone tissue matrix is impermeable to?

A

impermeable to nutrients

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18
Q

how do osteocytes communicate?

A

through gap junctions

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19
Q

bone cell layer consists of?

A

periosteum, endosteum and Haversian canals

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20
Q

Where is bone fluid found?

A

between bone cell layer and bone substance

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21
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

they synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of the bone matrix
e.g. osteoid
calcium phosphate deposited in osteoid
and alkaline phosphatase (catalysing reaction to produce calcium phosphate)

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22
Q

what is formed by osteoblasts?

A

calcium phosphate crystals

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23
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

they destroy bone matrix

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24
Q

what are osteoclasts derived from?

A

from haemopoietic lineage

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25
characteristics of osteoclasts?
multinucleated capacity to spread over 200 microns
26
what happens to the end products of the degradation of the bone matrix by osteoclasts?
they are absorbed into osteoclasts before being released into the interstitial fluid
27
what do osteoclasts do to their subcellular space?
acidify their subcellular space to dissolve CaPO4 and enzymatically digest collagen and other matrix proteins
28
what happens to osteoblasts when producing calcium phosphate?
osteoblasts become in embedded in mineralised osteoid they created
29
what happens to osteoclasts as they resorb bone?
they leave behind mitogens (growth factors) to encourage osteoblasts to mature and lay down matrix forming a cement or reversal line that forms the border of the newly remodelled bone unit
30
what do osteoclasts remove in order to avoid catastrophic failure?
they remove damaged matrix e.g. stress fractures in athletes, greyhounds, racing horses THIS ALLOWS REPAIR
31
how do we ensure that we achieve constant bone mass?
the amount of bone being removed = amount of bone formed
32
too much osteoblast activity results in?
get osteopetrosis (rare) with very dense bones
33
too much osteoclast activity?
get osteoporosis e.g. in hormone deficiency
34
blood supply and nerves of bones?
nutrients artery enters through a nutrient foramen supplies inner 2/3 of the bone form the endosteum periosteal vessels supply the outer third approx. of the bone via attachments of muscles and tendons
35
endosteal side of bone?
woven or cancellous bone housing the bone marrow blood supply runs parallel to the long axis in cortical bone inside Volkmann's canals
36
periosteal side of bone?
outer bone surface also brings blood supply via soft tissue attachments
37
skeleton in early stages consists of ...
cartilaginous structures
38
endochondral ossification?
ossification starts in the middle of long bones bone collar forms in the connective tissuem the outer layer of which later becomes the vascularised periosteum
39
epiphyseal plate
allows elongation of long bones
40
longitudinal growth of long bones occurs via?
growth plates appositional growth allows the bone to become thicker
41
chondrocytes form columns with? /5
Resting or reserve zone Zone of proliferation Zone of hypertrophy Zone of cartilage erosion Zone of endochondral ossification
42
resting or reserve zone physeal growth plate?
at the epiphyseal end
43
zone of proliferation physeal growth plate?
where the chondrocytes multiply
44
zone of hypertrophy and calcification of physeal growth plate?
where they get bigger and the matrix begins to mineralise
45
Zone of cartilage erosion physeal growth plate?
where the matrix is removed by chondroclasts and blood vessels invade
46
Zone of endochondral ossification physeal growth plate?
where bone replaces the removed cartilage and bone elongation occurs
47
toy breeds will be skeletally mature when?
at about 8 months
48
giant breeds will be skeletally mature when?
take until they are >14 months
49
cats mature...compared to dogs?
more slowly taking up to 20-24 months to stop growing
50
when do growth plates close?
various growth plates close at different times depending on adult size of the breed
51
growth plate closure or healing defines...
it defines skeletal mature length and thus the adult height of an individual
52
osteoblasts make bone directly within?
within a membranous fibrous tissue structure
53
how do skull bones, pelvic and scapular structures form?
form by intramembranosus ossification
54
Wolffs Law?
bone will adapt to the loads placed upon it - use it or lose it trabecular struts or plates will form in orientation w/ the largest applied forces within the bone as seen in the femoral neck on the left
55
intramembranosus ossification - what structure doesn't it have?
no cartilaginous precursor structure
56
where does bone form during intramembranosus ossification?
bone forms between two periosteal membranes
57
what structure forms during intramembranous ossification?
a bilayer of cortical bone within a thin sandwich of cancellous bone between
58
where does appositional growth occur during intramembranossi ossification?
on outer surfaces
59
what does bone develop from?
from structures of hyaline of cartilage.
60
what is hyaline cartilage lined with?
lined with a connective tissue sheath, perichondrium
61
where does ossification begin on long bones?
ossification begins in the middle region of long bones.
62
what does ossification of long bones start with?
it starts with the growth of blood vessels into the perichondrium (periosteum)
63
what does the outer and inner layers of periosteum (that forms during ossification of long bones) consist of?
OUTER: of dense, fibrous connective tissue INNER: of osteoprogenitor cells at this stage
64
what does the vascularisation provide for the periosteum of long bones?
provides nourishment for the cells of the periosteum stimulating them to differentiate to osteoblasts
65
what do the osteoblasts produce and what does this become?
they produce osteoid which becomes ossified and forms the bone collar
66
how is the bone cavity of long bones formed?
it is formed in the centre of long bones. this occurs by hypertrophic chondrocytes releasing alkaline phosphatase, increasing the conc of phosphate in the cartilage matrix & thus precipitating calcium phosphate crystals = calcification
67
where do the blood vessels infiltrate during endochondral ossification?
these infiltrate the centre of the calcified matrix; osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells are then able to migrate along these, the calcified matrix is then replaced by bone gradually
68
where does ossification progress to after being done in the centre of the long bone?
progresses towards the ends of long bone, as osteoclasts breakdown tissue in the middle of the bone to form the marrow cavity
69
What are epiphyseal growth plates?
this is where ossification is spreading from the primary centre and gradually approaches the secondary centres
70
what do osteoblasts do?
they make bone directly within a membranous fibrous tissue structure
71
what structure becomes the two cortices of the flat bones during intramembranous ossification?
there are two layers that form bone between them to form two parallel plate of bone - these become the cortices

Structure & Function 3 (26 decks)

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