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Structure & Function 3 > Introduction to the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is ventilation?

A

it is the process of breathing - movement of gases in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

what is respiration?

A

it includes distribution of gases in the alveoli and diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream

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3
Q

secondary functions of the resp system?

A

regulation of pH of the body fluids, temp control and phonation

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4
Q

upper resp system consists of?

A

external nares, nasal cavity, concha
sinuses, larynx

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5
Q

lower resp system consists of?

A

trachea, lungs, bronchi
bronchioles and alveoli

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6
Q

what are the external nares?

A

air enters the nasal cavity through the nares/nostrils
these openings vary in size and shape

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7
Q

philtrum?

A

groove in the lip and middle of the nose separating nostrils (dogs and small ruminants)

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8
Q

planum nasale/planum nasolabiale?

A

non-haired most rostral part of the nose
planum nasolabiale - in species with large muzzle

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9
Q

nasal cavity?

A

separated from one another by cartilaginous (rostrally) nasal septum, caudally nasal bone

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10
Q

what is the ventral part of nasal cavities formed by?

A

formed by hard and soft palates hence separated from the mouth

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11
Q

vestibule - and middle part filled with?

A

vestibule is the entrance to the nasal cavity and the middle part is filled with conchae

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12
Q

nasal cavity lined with?

A

with mucosal membrane

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13
Q

what does each side of the nasal cavity communicate with?

A

communicates with the nostril of the same side (rostrally) and with the pharynx (caudally) by way of choanae (caudal nares)

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14
Q

conchae and meatus?

A

project inwards from dorsal to lateral walls
scroll like bones (turbinates)
covered with highly vascular mucous membranes

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15
Q

what does the meatus do?

A

separates the cavity into passages

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16
Q

dorsal and ventral conchae occupy?

A

they occupy rostral parts and caudally ethmoidal conchae (part of ethmoid bone)

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17
Q

describe the mucosa of the concha?

A

it is well vascularised and increase air turbulence
hence, humidifies and filters the inhaled air
cooling the blood that supplies the brain

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18
Q

what does the mucous membrane cover?

A

the ethmoidal conchae

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19
Q

what is the ethmoidal conchae?

A

the olfactory epithelium which contains sensory endings of the olfactory nerve

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20
Q

what nasal meatuses does the upper resp system have?

A

dorsal, middle and ventral nasal meatuses

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21
Q

what does the middle nasal meatus communicate with?

A

with paranasal sinuses

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22
Q

what does the nasal ventral meatus do?

A

it is the main pathway for airflow leading to pharynx

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23
Q

what is the common nasal meatus?

A

it is the longitudinal space
which is the widest and best route for the introduction of nasogastric tube between ventral and common meatus

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24
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

air filled cavities lined with mucosa in the skull that communicates with the nasal cavities through narrow openings

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25
what is the clinical importance of the paranasal sinuses?
their openings are narrow and prone to clogging
26
what is the species difference related to the paranasal sinuses?
how the paranasal sinuses are connected to nasal cavity and each other shows species differences
27
do sinuses participate in respiration?
no
28
function of the paranasal sinuses?
affect the resonance of the voice; lighten the weight of the skull heat exchange, sites for mucus secretion increased insertion space for teeth and muscle equalise pressure differences within nasal cavity protection of intracranial structures from trauma contribute to facial growth
29
what paranasal sinuses do all domestic species have?
all domestic species have frontal and maxillary sinuses FRONTAL - dorsal part of the skull between nasal cavity and orbit MAXILLARY - maxillary bone with nasal cavity on each side
30
all large farm animals also have which sinuses?
sphenoidal and palatine sinuses
31
Sphenoidal sinus?
sphenoid bone
32
palatine sinus?
palatine bone, communicates with maxillary sinus
33
lacrimal sinus?
swine, ruminants - on lacrimal bone
34
conchal sinus?
swine, ruminants, equine - formed by enclosure of conchae
35
type of paranasal sinuses?
frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, palatine, lacrimal and conchal
36
where does the frontal sinus occupy in a dog?
it occupies the supraorbital process of the frontal bone
37
maxillary sinus termed as?
maxillary recess
38
what are the paranasal sinuses bounded by in a dog?
bounded by ethmoid, maxillary, palatine and lacrimal bones
39
where is the sphenoid sinus found?
within the presphenoid bone
40
two sides of frontal sinus are separated by?
by a median septum and divided into rostral, medial and lateral compartments
41
which animal does not have fully developed sinuses until age seven?
cows
42
describe the frontal sinus?
it has diverticula for the cornual process
43
what does the frontal sinus of the cow have?
the frontal sinus has diverticula for the cornual process
44
maxillary sinus occupies where in cow?
upper jaw dorsal to the alveolar bone
45
where is the palatomaxillary sinus found within in the cow?
within the caudal part of the hard palate and face
46
what are the paranasal sinuses of the horse?
rostral + caudal maxillary sinus ventral conchal sinus sphenopalatine sinus frontal sinus ethmoid labyrinth frontomaxillary opening dorsal conchal sinus infraorbital canal septum between maxillary sinuses
47
what are the regions of the pharynx?
oropharynx nasopharynx (contains auditory tube opening) laryngopharynx
48
what is the pharynx?
common passageway for air and food
49
openings to pharynx include?
two nares two eustachian tubes a mouth a glottis and an oesophagus
50
guttural pouch of horses?
paired diverticula of the auditory tubes, each containing 300ml of air
51
how are guttural pouches of horses separated?
they are in direct contact with each other, separated only by a thin medial septum
52
which bone forms the medial and lateral guttural pouches?
the stylohyoid bone
53
how do the guttural pouches communicate with the pharynx?
via the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube, covered by a thin fibrocartilage
54
which animal has a rostral bone?
pigs
55
what are the regions of the larynx?
musculocartilagenous organ glottis organ of phonation glottis epiglottis laryngeal cartilages
56
mucous membrane covering the ethmoidal conchae contains sensory endings of which nerve?
olfactory
57
what is the musculocartilagenous muscle?
region of larynx guarding the entrance to the trache
58
which meatus is the best way to introduce a nasogastric tube?
ventral/common meatus
59
organ of phonation?
region of larynx vocal chords lies below pharynx
60
glottis?
region of larynx slit like openings between the vocal cords
61
epiglottis?
region of larynx cranial to glottis - leaf shaped cartilage covered with the mucous membrane
62
laryngeal cartilages?
epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid (only the arytenoid is paired)
63
what does the cricoid cartilage mostly do?
preventing collapse or constriction of the laryngeal airway (mostly the cricoid)
64
what are the muscles of the larynx?
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis Cricoarytenoideus lateralis
65
apart from the muscles of the larynx - what else does it consist of?
cricoid cartilage glottic cleft thyroid cartilage
66
describe the Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis:
ABductor only dilator of the glottis, important in roaring
67
what movement does the Cricoarytenoideus lateralis do? (larynx)
ADductor
68
innervation of the laryngeal muscles?
the laryngeal muscles are innervated by cranial and caudal laryngeal nerves (branches vagus nerve)
69
where does the cranial laryngeal pouch detatch?
at the head/neck junction
70
where does the caudal laryngeal branch detach?
detaches in the thorax
71
where does the cranial branch enter the larynx?
enters the larynx by the thyroid foramen but just before gives a branch to cricothyroideus muscle
72
where does the caudal laryngeal (recurrent laryngeal nerve.) nerve leave?
leaves the vagus in the thorax then ascends through the neck and distributes itself to rest of the laryngeal muscles
73
what does the right and left recurrent nerve do?
it winds around right subclavian artery while the left one winds around the aorta
74

Structure & Function 3 (26 decks)

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