Introduction to the Cardiovascular system

Question 1

what does the thoracic cavity contain?

Answer 1

contains the heart, lungs and other associated structures

Question 2

what is the entrance known as into the thoracic cavity?

Answer 2

known as thoracic inlet

Question 3

what is the thoracic inlet formed by?

Answer 3

formed by the first pair of ribs and thoracic vertebrae

Question 4

what is the thoracic cavity lined with?

Answer 4

lined with serosa - serous membrane PLEURA

Question 5

Caudal border of thoracic cavity is filled with?

Answer 5

filled with diaphragm and ventrally sternum

Question 6

in which direction does the diaphragm arch in?

Answer 6

diaphragm arches cranially separating the two cavities

Question 7

pleura is lubricated by what?

Answer 7

with a small amount of pleural fluid

Question 8

what is pleura attached to?

Answer 8

it is attached to bony and muscular parts of the thorax by endothoracic fascia

Question 9

what does pleura consist of?

Answer 9

pleura consists of two separate sacs, one surrounding each lung

Question 10

lungs never enter the…

Answer 10

the pleural cavities

Question 11

visceral pleura?

Answer 11

lines the lungs-pulmonary

Question 12

parietal pleura?

Answer 12

lines the thorax
costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura

Question 13

where is the pleural cavity found?

Answer 13

between visceral pleura and parietal pleura

Question 14

pericardial pleura?

Answer 14

part of mediastinal pleura on either side of the pericardium

Question 15

connecting pleura?

Answer 15

double layer of serosa connecting visceral and parietal pleura (pulmonary ligaments)

Question 16

describe the junction of the two pleural sacs:

Answer 16

near the midline of the thorax and it forms a double layer, the mediastinum

Question 17

what is the mediastinum?

Answer 17

a connective tissue partition which separates the pleural cavities
it is the space between the right and left pleural sacs that encloses a number of structures

Question 18

both parietal and visceral pleura meet with the…

Answer 18

the mediastinal pleura

Question 19

what is within the cranial mediastinum?

Answer 19

oesophagus, trachea, great vessels, thoracic duct, some lymph nodes, nerves and thymus

Question 20

what is within the medial mediastinum?

Answer 20

oesophagus, the termination of the trachea, pulmonary vessels, aortic arch, thoracic duct, azygous vein, lymph nodes, nerves, heart and pericardium

Question 21

what is within the caudal mediastinum?

Answer 21

oesophagus, aorta, vagus trunks, some lymph nodes and the left phrenic nerve

Question 22

describe the mediastinum in the dog?

Answer 22

the barrier is delicate but said to be complete

Question 23

describe the mediastinum in the horse?

Answer 23

the caudal mediastinal partition is very delicate and fenestrated, allowing communication between cavities

Question 24

describe the mediastinum in ruminants:

Answer 24

openings occur rarely in sheep, but never in ox or goat

Question 25

what is not in the mediastinum space?

Answer 25

both right and left lungs, the caudal vena cava and the right phrenic nerve is not in this space

Question 26

what is the cardiovascular system?

Answer 26

it is the heart network of joined vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) auxiliary system of vessels (lymphatics)

Question 27

the heart functions as two separate pumps, what are these two pumps?

Answer 27

through the right side of the heart to the lungs (pulmonic circulation) through the left side of the heart to the heart itself and to the rest of the body (systemic circulation)

Question 28

pulmonary circulation?

Answer 28

consists of the vessels associated with the lungs

Question 30

what does the right ventricle do?

Answer 30

it pumps the blood to the lungs, where the concentrations of oxygen and co2 is adjusted

Question 31

what does the left ventricle do?

Answer 31

it pumps the oxygenated blood from the lungs to all organs in the body

Question 32

when blood returns from systemic circulation, where does it enter?

Answer 32

it enters the right side of the heart

Question 33

from the pulmonary circulation, where does blood enter the heart?

Answer 33

blood enters the heart from the left side, hence from the left side blood is pumped into the systemic circulation to begin the loops again

Question 34

what do capillaries allow?

Answer 34

permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

Question 35

arteries conduct blood...

Answer 35

away from the heart

Question 37

what is the criterion which separates arteries from veins?

Answer 37

direction of blood flow

Question 38

common carotid supplies what?

Answer 38

the head

Question 40

vein with their respective arteries?

Answer 40

always larger than their arteries and are often duplicated

Question 41

where do systemic veins return the blood to?

Answer 41

to the heart (via cranial and the caudal vena cava and coronary sinus of the heart)

Question 42

arteries structure?

Answer 42

thick walled thick layers of muscle and elastic fibres

Question 43

veins structure?

Answer 43

thin walled thin layers of muscle and elastic fibres valves

Question 44

what is the lymphatic vascular system?

Answer 44

responsible for the immunological defense of the body extensive network of one-way vessels returning remaining interstitial fluid to the blood and fluid is called lymph

Question 45

blind beginnings?

Answer 45

lymphatic vessels have blind beginnings (lymph capillaries)

Question 46

small lymph vessels empty into?

Answer 46

small veins

Question 47

large lymph vessels empty into?

Answer 47

large veins

Question 48

vessels tend to be... to veins

Answer 48

parallel

Question 49

overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of the lymph vessels create...

Answer 49

create valve like openings

Question 50

thoracic duct?

Answer 50

major lymph-collecting channel

Question 51

right lymphatic duct?

Answer 51

empties into right side of the heart via jugular v. or cranial vena cava

Question 52

right lymphatic duct?

Answer 52

right side of the head, neck and thorax and right limb

Question 53

tracheal ducts?

Answer 53

empties into either thoracic duct or the large veins near the heart

Question 54

tracheal duct drains...

Answer 54

drains the head and neck

Question 55

thoracic duct arises where?

Answer 55

arises in the abdomen, receives lymph from abdomen, the pelvis and the hind limbs

Question 56

where is the thoracic duct initially located?

Answer 56

initially located to the right of the median plane, more specifically on the right dorsal border of the thoracic aorta

Question 57

where does the thoracic duct pass through?

Answer 57

pass through the aortic hiatus into the mediastinum

Question 58

where does the thoracic duct mostly enter through?

Answer 58

enters the left jugular or cranial vena cava

Question 59

what does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 59

cisterna chyli

Question 60

what is the cisterna chyli?

Answer 60

thin-walled structure not easily observed located on the left side, dorsal to renal a. between aorta and thoracolumbar junction both the intestinal and lumbar lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli

Question 62

what is part of the parietal pleura?

Answer 62

costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal

Question 63

which species mediastinal partition is very delicate and fenestrated?

Answer 63

horse

Question 64

lungs and the caudal vena cava and the right phrenic nerve are in the mediastinum - true/false?

Answer 64

false - lungs is deffo outside and left phrenic nerve is but right is not

Question 65

venous blood from the body enters the heart via...

Answer 65

right atrium from the vena cava

Question 66

what is the name of the main lymphatic duct origin that arises in the abdomen?

Answer 66

thoracic duct