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Structure & Function 3 > MSK Anatomy of Head and Forelimb > Flashcards

MSK Anatomy of Head and Forelimb Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

what is the skull composed of?

A

many (mostly paired) bones

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2
Q

what are the bones of the skull divided into?

A

into bones of the cranium and the face

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3
Q

all bones of the skull are formed of what?

A

formed of separate centres of ossification

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4
Q

endochondral?

A

these are the the bones of the ventral part of the cranium

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5
Q

intramembranous bones?

A

these are the dorsal parts and facial bones

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6
Q

sutures?

A

immovable, fibrous joint between the skull bones

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7
Q

what happens to sutures eventually?

A

they will ossify and be filled with bone eventually

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8
Q

what do sutures allow?

A

the bones to deform while remaining connected (e.g. during birth)
allow stress absorption
bone growth

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9
Q

features of the mandible?

A

several mental foramina
mandibular foramen
coronoid process
angular process
masseteric and pterygoid fossae

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10
Q

what is the mandible composed of?

A

of the body (horizontal part) and ramus (vertical part)

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11
Q

where are two mandibular bones joined?

A

joined at by the mandibular symphysis at the midline

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12
Q

TMJ?

A

the temporomandibular joint

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13
Q

TMJ?

A

between the condyles of the mandible and the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones
synovial condylar joint that can act as sliding hinge

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14
Q

describe the joint capsule of TMJ?

A

it is loose and the lateral side is strengthened to form a lateral ligament
A fibrous articular disc lies between the two articular surfaces, smooths the motion

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15
Q

mandibular symphysis?

A

cartilaginous joint joining the left and right mandibular bones
little movement

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16
Q

depending on species the joint of the head (mandibular symphysis) may fuse when?

A

may fuse with age ( joined by bone) or remain open

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17
Q

auditory ossicles?

A

3 tiny bones of the middle ear

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18
Q

function of auditory ossicles?

A

transmit and amplify sound

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19
Q

what joins the auditory ossicles?

A

joined by synovial joints to form chain

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20
Q

what holds the auditory ossicles in place?

A

ligaments

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21
Q

what are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?

A

by the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)

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22
Q

name 5 facial muscles?

A
  • Orbicularis oris(oooooooo! muscle)
    *Levatornasolabialis(raise lips)
    *Buccinator (cheek)
    *Orbicularis oculi
    *Auricular muscles (moving the external ear)
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23
Q

What innervates the tongue?

A

hyperglossal

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24
Q

muscles of mastication innervated by?

A

by the mandibular branches of the Trigeminal nerve (CN5)

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25
muscles needed for closing of the mouth?
masseter temporalise pterygoids (medial and lateral)
26
opening of the mouth muscle?
digastricus
27
differences between horses and dogs in masticatory muscle proportions?
horses - large masseter and pterygoids, reduced temporalis dogs - huge temporalis muscle
28
forelimb consists of what bones?
scapula humerus radius/ulna carpal bones metacarpal bones phalanges
29
scapula?
flat triangular bone
30
scapula location?
held flat against thoracic wall
31
dorsal border of scapula topped by?
cartilage
32
feature of the medial side of the scapula?
shallow fossa
33
lateral side of scapula?
spine, acromion at distal spine (not in horse/pig) supra + infraspinous fossa
34
glenoid cavity of scapula?
articulation with humerus
35
supraglenoid tubercle of scapula?
origin of biceps brachii muscle
36
what animal is the dorsal border topped by cartilage more extensive?
in horses and cattle
37
in which animal is the acromion of the scapula absent in?
in the pig
38
additional flattned hamate process of acromion in what animal - scapula?
dogs
39
in scapula - suprahamate process in?
in cats
40
humeral condyle?
articulates with radius and ulna capitulum >> radius trochlear >> ulna
41
2 bones make up the? (radiu/ulna)
antebrachium
42
spatial relationship of the ulna and radius?
proximally? ulna caudal to radius distally? ulna lateral to radius
43
radius?
simple rod shape , thicker than ulna proximal facet articulate with humeral condyle cranial surface of distal extremity is grooved, allows passage of extensor tendons
44
ulna?
olecranon process = point of the elbow; important level for triceps muscles styloid process at distal extremity articulate with carpal bones
45
proximal ulna?
trochlear notch fits over humeral condyle proximal part = anconeal process (involved in elbow dysplasia in dogs) distal parts = medial and lateral coronoid process
46
radoiulna?
radius and ulna fused in ungulate (horses, ruminants) pro
47
carpals structure?
proximal and distal row proximal (radial and ulna etc) distal (numbered according to digit) species variation - pigs have all of them
48
metacarpals?
distally articulate with phalanges varying number proximal/dorsal 'bump' - metacarpal tuberosity 2nd/4th in horses 'splint bones'
49
sesamoid bones?
developing in the tendons
50
phalanges split into how many bones?
3
51
3 bones of the phalanges?
proximal phalanx middle phalanx distal phalanx
52
what bone of the phalange is associated with the hoof/claw?
distal phalanx
53
what complements the phalanges?
sesamoid bones
54
how are muscles named?
number of heads/parts 'bi,tri' reference to body location e.g. latissimus dorsi direction of fibres e.g. oblique action e.g. abductor origin and/or insertion e.g. sternocephalicus
55
girdle?
garment which encircles the body and offers support - exactly what the thoracic girdle does - attaches scapula to thorax
56
thoracic girdle?
muscle, tendons and fascia attach the scappula to the thoracic wall no direct bony contact, no articular cartilage
57
scapula motion complex?
can translate and rotate
58
Deep muscles? of thoracic girdle
rhomboideus serratus superficial and deep pectoral
59
superficial muscle? of the thoracic girdle?
trapezius latissimus dorsi brachiocephalicus (divided into 2 portions)
60
shoulder joint?
a ball and socket joint no distinct collateral ligaments instead, local thickenings of joint capsule Generally flexion/extension in veterinary species
61
shoulder joint - ligaments?
transverse ligament between greater and lesser tubercles spans bicipital groove holds biceps brachii tendon in place
62
shoulder muscles that are flexors?
deltoid, triceps brachii, infraspinatus
63
shoulder muscles that are extensors?
biceps brachii supraspinatus
64
elbow joint AKA?
humeroradioulnar joint
65
elbow joint is what type of joint?
hinge
66
what movement does the elbow joint allow?
flexion and extension
67
lateral and medial collateral ligaments - elbow joint?
located on the sides of the joint, restricting movement
68
what do the carpal joints consist of?
3 main joints - together they act as a hinge, can only do flexion/extension
69
what are the three carpal joints?
antebrachiocarpal joint middle carpal joint carpometacarpal joint
70
many tendons that pass over the carpus are held in place by?
extensor retinaculum flexor retinaculum
71
in the carpal joints, what is the carpal canal formed by?
Accessory carpal bone (laterally) The other carpal bones (dorsally) The flexor retinaculum and palmar carpal ligament form it
72
what passes through the carpal canal?
tendons and synovial sheaths of superficial and deep digital flexors nerves (ulnar and median) arteries and veins
73
extensors - carpus muscles?
extensor carpi radialis common digital extensor lateral digital extensor ulnaris lateralis
74
carpus muscles - flexors?
flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris: ulnar head, humeral head superficial digital flexor deep digital flexor
75
how are extensors grouped?
around the craniolateral aspect of limb
76
flexors grouped how?
around caudal aspect of limb
77
MCP?
metacarpophalangeal joint
78
MCP joint where?
between the metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges includes the proximal sesamoid bones hinge-type joint allowing flexion-extension
79
medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the MCP joint?
located on the sides of the joint, restricting movement
80
where are paired sesamoid bones located?
palmar to joint (the proximal sesamoid bones
81
what are the phalangeal joints?
proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint
82
proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint?
between proximal (P1) and middle (P2) phalanges
83
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint?
between middle and distal phalanges
84
medial and lateral collateral ligaments - phalangeal joints?
located on the sides of the joint, restricting movement
85
stay apparatus of the horse?
limb needs to resist collapse under gravity horse maintains forelimb posture without fully relying on active muscle contraction relies on passive stiffness of tendinous/ligamentous structures
86
stay apparatus of the horse forelimb? flexion/extension?
shoulder flexion resisted by biceps brachii tendon carpal flexion resisted by tension in extensor carpi radialis (transmitted from biceps brachii via lacterus fibrosus)
87
MCP (over)extension prevented by?
by suspensory ligament and digital flexors
88
elbow flexion resisted by?
by tension in digital flexors + contraction of triceps brachii

Structure & Function 3 (26 decks)

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