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Biology 101 > Bone Tissue Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Bone Tissue Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Old bone broken down and replaced by new bone

A

Remodeling

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2
Q

What are 2 functions of bone

A

-Supporting & protecting soft tissue
-Attachment site for muscles making movement possible

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3
Q

Blood cell production (Hemopoiesis) occurs in which bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow

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4
Q

Triglyceride is stored in which bone marrow

A

Yellow bone marrow

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5
Q

What 3 things does bone store (Mineral homeostasis)

A

-Minerals
-Calcium
-Phosphate

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6
Q

(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
What is the shaft called

A

Diaphysis

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7
Q

(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is one end of a long bone (made up of spongy bone containing red marrow that produces blood cells)

A

Epiphysis

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8
Q

(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is the growth plate region called

A

Metaphysis

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9
Q

(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is over joint surfaces, acts in friction reduction and shock absorber

A

Articular Cartilage

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10
Q

(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is the marrow cavity called?

A

Medullary Cavity

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11
Q

(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is the lining of marrow cavity called?

A

Endosteum

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12
Q

(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is the tough membrane covering bone but not the cartilage called?

A

Periosteum

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13
Q

Which Epithelial tissue makes up the Outer Fibrous Layer in the Periosteum?

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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14
Q

The inner layer of the Periosteum in the long bone is called what?

A

Inner Osteogenic layer

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15
Q

Bone is classified as _________ _______

A

Connective tissue

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16
Q

Bone has a Matrix of ___% water

A

15%

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17
Q

Bone has __% collagen fibers

A

30%

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18
Q

Bone has __% Crystalized mineral salts

A

55%

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19
Q

(Cell types in bone)
Which cells are:
-Undifferentiated cells
-Can divide to replace themselves and then become osteoblasts
-Found in inner layer of periosteum & endosteum

A

Osteoprogenitor (Osteogenic) cells

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20
Q

(Cell types in bone)
Which cells:
-Form matrix & collagen fibers but can’t divide
-They surround themselves with matrix and become Osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

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21
Q

(Cell types in bone)
Which cells are:
-Mature cells that no longer secrete matrix
-Responsible for maintaining bone through things like exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and bone

A

Osteocytes

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22
Q

(Cell types in bone)
Which cells are:
-Huge cells from fused monocytes (WBC)
-Function in bone resorption at surfaces such as endosteum
-They release enzymes that break down bone matrix

A

Osteoclasts

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23
Q

(Matrix of bone)
-What provides bone’s hardness?

A

Inorganic mineral salts

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24
Q

(Matrix of bone)
-What provides bone’s flexibility?

A

Organic collagen fibers

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25
Q

(Matrix of bone)
What are:
-Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide)
-Calcium carbonate
-Magnesium
-Fluoride
-Potassium

A

Inorganic mineral salts

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26
Q

(Matrix of bone)
What does this describe:
-Their tensile strength resists being stretched or torn
-Removes minerals with acid and rubbery structure

A

Organic collagen fibers

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27
Q

(Matrix of bone)
-What is hardening of tissue when mineral crystals deposit around collagen fibers called?

A

Mineralization (Calcification)

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28
Q

(Matrix of bone)
-Bone is not completely solid since it has small spaces for ________ and ____ _____ _______

A

-Vessels
-Red bone marrow

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29
Q

What type of bone has many such spaces

A

Spongy

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30
Q

What type of bone has very few spaces

A

Compact

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31
Q

What type of bone:
-Looks like solid hard layer of bone
-Makes up the shaft of long bones and the external layer of all bones

A

Compact or Dense bone

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32
Q

What type of bone:
-The strongest type of bone
-Resists stresses produced by weight and movement

A

Compact or Dense bone

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33
Q

What is:
-Structural unit of compact bone
-Functions to supply nutrients to and remove waste products from the osteocytes
-A series of canals allow blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves to penetrate bone matrix

A

Osteon

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34
Q

What is another name for the Osteon

A

Haversian System

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35
Q

Which passageways in the Osteon system is:
-They enter the bone matrix from the outside

A

Interosteonic canals

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36
Q

What are 2 other names for the Interosteonic canals?

A

-Perforating canals
-Volkmann’s canals

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37
Q

Which passageways in Osteon the system:
-Extend longitudinally
-Each central canal is surrounded by circular layers of thin, flat sheets of bone

A

Osteonic (Central) canals

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38
Q

What are thin, flat sheets of bone called?

A

Concentric lamellae

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39
Q

Which passageways in Osteon the system is:
-Canals extending out from lacunae filled with extracellular fluid and containing extensions of osteocytes

A

Canaliculi

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40
Q

What are small spaces between lamellae which contain osetocytes?

A

Lacunae

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41
Q

What is the latticework of thin plates of bone called? (In spongy bone)

A

Trabeculae

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42
Q

What type of bone has:
-Spaces in between these struts are filled with red marrow where blood cells develop
-Contains lamellae, lucunae and canaliculi

A

Spongy bone

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43
Q

What are 2 other names for spongy bone?

A

-Trabecular
-Cancellous

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44
Q

What type of bone is found in:
-Ends of long bones
-Inside flat bones such as the
-Hipbones
-Sternum
-Sides of skull
-Ribs

A

Spongy bone

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45
Q

All embryonic connective tissue begins as ______________?

A

Mesenchyme

46
Q

What is the formation of bone directly from mesenchymal cells called?

A

Intramembranous bone formation

47
Q

What:
-Forms within fibrous connective tissue membrane
-Primarily skull, lower mandible and clavicles

A

Intramembranous bone formation

48
Q

What is the:
-Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone

A

Endochondral ossification

49
Q

(Bone growth in length)
What does this describe:
-Cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate
-Cartilage cells are destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side of plate

A

Epiphyseal plate or cartilage growth plate

50
Q

Between the ages ___ to ___, epiphyseal plates close.

A

18 to 21

51
Q

When the epiphyseal plate begins to close, cartilage cells stop dividing and _____ replaces the __________.

A

-Bone
-Cartilage

52
Q

(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Anchors growth plate to bone

A

Zone of resting (reserve) cartilage

53
Q

(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Rapid cell division (stacked coins)

A

Zone of proliferating cartilage

54
Q

(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Cells enlarged and remain in columns

A

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

55
Q

(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Thin zone
-Cells mostly dead since matrix has calcified

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

56
Q

(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Osetoclasts remove calcified cartilage
-Osteoblasts and capillaries move in to create bone over cartilage

A

Zone of bone deposition

57
Q

What type of growth is at the bone’s surface?

A

Appositional growth

58
Q

(Bone remodeling)
-Renewal rate of compact bone is _% per year and spongy bone is _% per year.

A

-4%
-20%

59
Q

(Bone growth in Width)
-Osteoblasts in the inner layer of the __________ deposit _______ tissue, calcify it, and become trapped in it as ___________.

A

-Periosteum
-Osteoid
-Oseteocytes

60
Q

What cells function is to absorb bone (bone resorption) ?

A

Osteoclasts

61
Q

What is:
-The removal of minerals and collagen from the bone

A

Bone resorption

62
Q

What function in bone deposition?

A

Osteoblasts

63
Q

What is:
-The addition of minerals and collagen to the bone

A

Bone deposition

64
Q

(Bone remodeling)
-The continual redistribution of ______ ________ along lines of mechanical stress

A

-Bone matrix

65
Q

Which bone is fully remodeled every 4 months?

A

Distal femur

66
Q

What fracture is:
-No break in skin

A

Closed (Simple)

67
Q

What fracture is:
-Skin broken

A

Open fracture (Compound)

68
Q

What fracture is:
-Broken ends of bones are fragmented

A

Comminuted

69
Q

What fracture is:
-Partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends
-Only in children because the bone contains higher amounts of collagen

A

Greenstick

70
Q

What fracture is:
-One side of fracture driven into the interior of other side

A

Impacted

71
Q

What fracture is:
-Distal fibular fracture

A

Pott’s fracture

72
Q

What fracture is:
-Distal radial fracture

A

Colles’s fracture

73
Q

What fracture is:
-Microscopic fissures from repeated strenuous activities

A

-Stress fracture

74
Q

What phase of fracture repair is:
-Formation of fracture hematoma

A

Reactive phase

75
Q

(Repair a fracture)
What forms when:
-Damaged blood vessels produce clot in 6-8 hours
-Bone cells die
-Inflammation brings in phagocytic cells and osteoclasts for clean-up duty

A

-Fracture hematoma

76
Q

(Repair a fracture)
What forms when:
-Formation of new blood vessels
-Fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers
-Chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage to span the broken ends of the bone

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus

77
Q

What phase is:
-Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus

A

Reparative phase

78
Q

(Repair a fracture)
What forms when:
-Osteoblasts secrete spongy bone that joins 2 broken ends of bone
4-6 weeks to form hard callus

A

Bony callus

79
Q

What phase is:
-Formation of bony callus

A

Reparative phase

80
Q

(Repair a fracture)
What happens when:
-Bony callus lasts 3-4 months
-Compact bone replaces the spongy in the bony callus
-Surface is remodeled back to normal shape

A

Bone remodeling

81
Q

What phase is:
-Bone remodeling

A

Bone remodeling phase

82
Q

(Hormonal influences)
-What is secreted if blood Ca2+ levels fall

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

83
Q

Parathyroid hormone is secreted from which gland?

A

Parathyroid gland

84
Q

PTH is secreted when:
1. __________ activity increased

A

Osteoclast

85
Q

PTH is secreted when:
2. ________ retains Ca2+ (less lost in urine)

A

Kidney

86
Q

PTH is secreted when:
3. kidney produces ________ (active Vit. D which increases calcium absorption from food in G-I tract)

A

Calcitriol

87
Q

PTH is most important in ________ __________.

A

Calcium regulation

88
Q

(Hormonal influences)
-Which hormone is secreted from parafollicular cells in thyroid if Ca2+ blood levels get too high

A

Calcitonin

89
Q

Calcitonin hormone:
-Inhibits ____________ activity

A

Osteoclast

90
Q

Calcitonin hormone:
-Inhibits ________ reabsorption in the kidneys so more calcium leaves in the ______.

A

-Calcium
-Urine

91
Q

Calcitonin hormone:
-Increases _____ _______.

A

Bone mass

92
Q

(Exercise and bone tissue)
What does pulling on bone by skeletal muscle and gravity provide?

A

Mechanical stress

93
Q

(Exercise and bone tissue)
Stress increases deposition of ______ _______ & production of _______.

A

-Mineral salts
-Collagen

94
Q

(Exercise and bone tissue)
The lack of mechanical stress results in _______ ______

A

-Bone loss

95
Q

What are 3 examples of lack of mechanical stress resulting in bone loss?

A

-Reduced activity while in a cast
-Astronauts in weightlessness
-Bedridden person

96
Q

What builds bone mass?

A

Weight-bearing exercises
(Running, jumping or weight lifting)

97
Q

What is the decreased bone mass resulting in porous bones?

A

Osteoporosis

98
Q

Who is at risk for osteoporosis?

A

-White, thin menopausal, smoking, drinking female with family history
-Athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat & decreased estrogen levels
-People allergic to milk or with eating disorders whose intake of calcium is too low

99
Q

What can people do to prevent or decrease the severity of osteoporosis?

A

-Adequate diet, weight-bearing exercise, estrogen replacement therapy
-Behavior when young may be most important factor

100
Q

What disease causes:
-Inadequate calcification of the bone matrix most commonly caused by lack of Vit. D

A

Rickets and Osteomalacia

101
Q

What disease is:
-Growing bones become soft or rubbery resulting in bone deformities such as bowed legs
-Growth plates fail to ossify
-In children

A

Rickets

102
Q

What disease is:
-New bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify
-Can result in bone fractures from minor trauma
-In adults

A

Osteomalacia

103
Q

What is the treatment for Rickets & Osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D supplementation and exposure to sunlight

104
Q

What disorder is:
-Characterized by improper bone remodeling
-Rapid bone formation in isolated areas

A

Paget’s disease

105
Q

Where is Paget’s disease most commonly found?

A

-Skull
-Spine
-Pelvis
-Legs

106
Q

What disease:
-Can lead to fractures, arthritis, pinched nerves and hearing loss
-Most often treated with osteoporosis drugs

A

Paget’s disease

107
Q

What bone disorder:
-Infection of the bone usually bacterial
-Bacteria usually reaches the bone from exterior or from other sites of infection in the body

A

Osteomyelitis

108
Q

In Osteomyelitis, what exterior source would the infection come from? (3)

A

-Penetrating wound
-Open fracture
-Surgical procedure

109
Q

What bone disorder:
-Bone cancer that primarily affects the osteoblasts and is most often in teenagers during rapid growth
-Metastases often occur in the lungs

A

Osteosarcoma

110
Q

Which bones (3) does Osteosarcoma most commonly affect?

A

-Femur
-Tibia
-Humerus

111
Q

What is the treatment for Osteosarcoma?

A

-Chemotherapy
-Surgery to remove the growth
-Possible amputation

112
Q

What bone disorder:
-Rare genetic bone disorder resulting in the most common type of short limb dwarfism
-Large head, normal torso and short limbs

A

Achondroplasia

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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