Bone Tissue Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Old bone broken down and replaced by new bone
A
Remodeling
2
Q
What are 2 functions of bone
A
-Supporting & protecting soft tissue
-Attachment site for muscles making movement possible
3
Q
Blood cell production (Hemopoiesis) occurs in which bone marrow
A
Red bone marrow
4
Q
Triglyceride is stored in which bone marrow
A
Yellow bone marrow
5
Q
What 3 things does bone store (Mineral homeostasis)
A
-Minerals
-Calcium
-Phosphate
6
Q
(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
What is the shaft called
A
Diaphysis
7
Q
(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is one end of a long bone (made up of spongy bone containing red marrow that produces blood cells)
A
Epiphysis
8
Q
(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is the growth plate region called
A
Metaphysis
9
Q
(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is over joint surfaces, acts in friction reduction and shock absorber
A
Articular Cartilage
10
Q
(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is the marrow cavity called?
A
Medullary Cavity
11
Q
(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is the lining of marrow cavity called?
A
Endosteum
12
Q
(Anatomy of a Long Bone)
-What is the tough membrane covering bone but not the cartilage called?
A
Periosteum
13
Q
Which Epithelial tissue makes up the Outer Fibrous Layer in the Periosteum?
A
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
14
Q
The inner layer of the Periosteum in the long bone is called what?
A
Inner Osteogenic layer
15
Q
Bone is classified as _________ _______
A
Connective tissue
16
Q
Bone has a Matrix of ___% water
A
15%
17
Q
Bone has __% collagen fibers
A
30%
18
Q
Bone has __% Crystalized mineral salts
A
55%
19
Q
(Cell types in bone)
Which cells are:
-Undifferentiated cells
-Can divide to replace themselves and then become osteoblasts
-Found in inner layer of periosteum & endosteum
A
Osteoprogenitor (Osteogenic) cells
20
Q
(Cell types in bone)
Which cells:
-Form matrix & collagen fibers but can’t divide
-They surround themselves with matrix and become Osteocytes
A
Osteoblasts
21
Q
(Cell types in bone)
Which cells are:
-Mature cells that no longer secrete matrix
-Responsible for maintaining bone through things like exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and bone
A
Osteocytes
22
Q
(Cell types in bone)
Which cells are:
-Huge cells from fused monocytes (WBC)
-Function in bone resorption at surfaces such as endosteum
-They release enzymes that break down bone matrix
A
Osteoclasts
23
Q
(Matrix of bone)
-What provides bone’s hardness?
A
Inorganic mineral salts
24
Q
(Matrix of bone)
-What provides bone’s flexibility?
A
Organic collagen fibers
25
(Matrix of bone)
What are:
-Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide)
-Calcium carbonate
-Magnesium
-Fluoride
-Potassium
Inorganic mineral salts
26
(Matrix of bone)
What does this describe:
-Their tensile strength resists being stretched or torn
-Removes minerals with acid and rubbery structure
Organic collagen fibers
27
(Matrix of bone)
-What is hardening of tissue when mineral crystals deposit around collagen fibers called?
Mineralization (Calcification)
28
(Matrix of bone)
-Bone is not completely solid since it has small spaces for ________ and ____ _____ _______
-Vessels
-Red bone marrow
29
What type of bone has many such spaces
Spongy
30
What type of bone has very few spaces
Compact
31
What type of bone:
-Looks like solid hard layer of bone
-Makes up the shaft of long bones and the external layer of all bones
Compact or Dense bone
32
What type of bone:
-The strongest type of bone
-Resists stresses produced by weight and movement
Compact or Dense bone
33
What is:
-Structural unit of compact bone
-Functions to supply nutrients to and remove waste products from the osteocytes
-A series of canals allow blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves to penetrate bone matrix
Osteon
34
What is another name for the Osteon
Haversian System
35
Which passageways in the Osteon system is:
-They enter the bone matrix from the outside
Interosteonic canals
36
What are 2 other names for the Interosteonic canals?
-Perforating canals
-Volkmann's canals
37
Which passageways in Osteon the system:
-Extend longitudinally
-Each central canal is surrounded by circular layers of thin, flat sheets of bone
Osteonic (Central) canals
38
What are thin, flat sheets of bone called?
Concentric lamellae
39
Which passageways in Osteon the system is:
-Canals extending out from lacunae filled with extracellular fluid and containing extensions of osteocytes
Canaliculi
40
What are small spaces between lamellae which contain osetocytes?
Lacunae
41
What is the latticework of thin plates of bone called? (In spongy bone)
Trabeculae
42
What type of bone has:
-Spaces in between these struts are filled with red marrow where blood cells develop
-Contains lamellae, lucunae and canaliculi
Spongy bone
43
What are 2 other names for spongy bone?
-Trabecular
-Cancellous
44
What type of bone is found in:
-Ends of long bones
-Inside flat bones such as the
-Hipbones
-Sternum
-Sides of skull
-Ribs
Spongy bone
45
All embryonic connective tissue begins as ______________?
Mesenchyme
46
What is the formation of bone directly from mesenchymal cells called?
Intramembranous bone formation
47
What:
-Forms within fibrous connective tissue membrane
-Primarily skull, lower mandible and clavicles
Intramembranous bone formation
48
What is the:
-Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone
Endochondral ossification
49
(Bone growth in length)
What does this describe:
-Cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate
-Cartilage cells are destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side of plate
Epiphyseal plate or cartilage growth plate
50
Between the ages ___ to ___, epiphyseal plates close.
18 to 21
51
When the epiphyseal plate begins to close, cartilage cells stop dividing and _____ replaces the __________.
-Bone
-Cartilage
52
(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Anchors growth plate to bone
Zone of resting (reserve) cartilage
53
(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Rapid cell division (stacked coins)
Zone of proliferating cartilage
54
(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Cells enlarged and remain in columns
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
55
(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Thin zone
-Cells mostly dead since matrix has calcified
Zone of calcified cartilage
56
(Zones of growth in Epiphyseal phase)
Which zone:
-Osetoclasts remove calcified cartilage
-Osteoblasts and capillaries move in to create bone over cartilage
Zone of bone deposition
57
What type of growth is at the bone's surface?
Appositional growth
58
(Bone remodeling)
-Renewal rate of compact bone is _% per year and spongy bone is _% per year.
-4%
-20%
59
(Bone growth in Width)
-Osteoblasts in the inner layer of the __________ deposit _______ tissue, calcify it, and become trapped in it as ___________.
-Periosteum
-Osteoid
-Oseteocytes
60
What cells function is to absorb bone (bone resorption) ?
Osteoclasts
61
What is:
-The removal of minerals and collagen from the bone
Bone resorption
62
What function in bone deposition?
Osteoblasts
63
What is:
-The addition of minerals and collagen to the bone
Bone deposition
64
(Bone remodeling)
-The continual redistribution of ______ ________ along lines of mechanical stress
-Bone matrix
65
Which bone is fully remodeled every 4 months?
Distal femur
66
What fracture is:
-No break in skin
Closed (Simple)
67
What fracture is:
-Skin broken
Open fracture (Compound)
68
What fracture is:
-Broken ends of bones are fragmented
Comminuted
69
What fracture is:
-Partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends
-Only in children because the bone contains higher amounts of collagen
Greenstick
70
What fracture is:
-One side of fracture driven into the interior of other side
Impacted
71
What fracture is:
-Distal fibular fracture
Pott's fracture
72
What fracture is:
-Distal radial fracture
Colles's fracture
73
What fracture is:
-Microscopic fissures from repeated strenuous activities
-Stress fracture
74
What phase of fracture repair is:
-Formation of fracture hematoma
Reactive phase
75
(Repair a fracture)
What forms when:
-Damaged blood vessels produce clot in 6-8 hours
-Bone cells die
-Inflammation brings in phagocytic cells and osteoclasts for clean-up duty
-Fracture hematoma
76
(Repair a fracture)
What forms when:
-Formation of new blood vessels
-Fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers
-Chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage to span the broken ends of the bone
Fibrocartilaginous callus
77
What phase is:
-Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus
Reparative phase
78
(Repair a fracture)
What forms when:
-Osteoblasts secrete spongy bone that joins 2 broken ends of bone
4-6 weeks to form hard callus
Bony callus
79
What phase is:
-Formation of bony callus
Reparative phase
80
(Repair a fracture)
What happens when:
-Bony callus lasts 3-4 months
-Compact bone replaces the spongy in the bony callus
-Surface is remodeled back to normal shape
Bone remodeling
81
What phase is:
-Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling phase
82
(Hormonal influences)
-What is secreted if blood Ca2+ levels fall
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
83
Parathyroid hormone is secreted from which gland?
Parathyroid gland
84
PTH is secreted when:
1. __________ activity increased
Osteoclast
85
PTH is secreted when:
2. ________ retains Ca2+ (less lost in urine)
Kidney
86
PTH is secreted when:
3. kidney produces ________ (active Vit. D which increases calcium absorption from food in G-I tract)
Calcitriol
87
PTH is most important in ________ __________.
Calcium regulation
88
(Hormonal influences)
-Which hormone is secreted from parafollicular cells in thyroid if Ca2+ blood levels get too high
Calcitonin
89
Calcitonin hormone:
-Inhibits ____________ activity
Osteoclast
90
Calcitonin hormone:
-Inhibits ________ reabsorption in the kidneys so more calcium leaves in the ______.
-Calcium
-Urine
91
Calcitonin hormone:
-Increases _____ _______.
Bone mass
92
(Exercise and bone tissue)
What does pulling on bone by skeletal muscle and gravity provide?
Mechanical stress
93
(Exercise and bone tissue)
Stress increases deposition of ______ _______ & production of _______.
-Mineral salts
-Collagen
94
(Exercise and bone tissue)
The lack of mechanical stress results in _______ ______
-Bone loss
95
What are 3 examples of lack of mechanical stress resulting in bone loss?
-Reduced activity while in a cast
-Astronauts in weightlessness
-Bedridden person
96
What builds bone mass?
Weight-bearing exercises
(Running, jumping or weight lifting)
97
What is the decreased bone mass resulting in porous bones?
Osteoporosis
98
Who is at risk for osteoporosis?
-White, thin menopausal, smoking, drinking female with family history
-Athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat & decreased estrogen levels
-People allergic to milk or with eating disorders whose intake of calcium is too low
99
What can people do to prevent or decrease the severity of osteoporosis?
-Adequate diet, weight-bearing exercise, estrogen replacement therapy
-Behavior when young may be most important factor
100
What disease causes:
-Inadequate calcification of the bone matrix most commonly caused by lack of Vit. D
Rickets and Osteomalacia
101
What disease is:
-Growing bones become soft or rubbery resulting in bone deformities such as bowed legs
-Growth plates fail to ossify
-In children
Rickets
102
What disease is:
-New bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify
-Can result in bone fractures from minor trauma
-In adults
Osteomalacia
103
What is the treatment for Rickets & Osteomalacia?
Vitamin D supplementation and exposure to sunlight
104
What disorder is:
-Characterized by improper bone remodeling
-Rapid bone formation in isolated areas
Paget's disease
105
Where is Paget's disease most commonly found?
-Skull
-Spine
-Pelvis
-Legs
106
What disease:
-Can lead to fractures, arthritis, pinched nerves and hearing loss
-Most often treated with osteoporosis drugs
Paget's disease
107
What bone disorder:
-Infection of the bone usually bacterial
-Bacteria usually reaches the bone from exterior or from other sites of infection in the body
Osteomyelitis
108
In Osteomyelitis, what exterior source would the infection come from? (3)
-Penetrating wound
-Open fracture
-Surgical procedure
109
What bone disorder:
-Bone cancer that primarily affects the osteoblasts and is most often in teenagers during rapid growth
-Metastases often occur in the lungs
Osteosarcoma
110
Which bones (3) does Osteosarcoma most commonly affect?
-Femur
-Tibia
-Humerus
111
What is the treatment for Osteosarcoma?
-Chemotherapy
-Surgery to remove the growth
-Possible amputation
112
What bone disorder:
-Rare genetic bone disorder resulting in the most common type of short limb dwarfism
-Large head, normal torso and short limbs
Achondroplasia
