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Biology 101 > Nervous System Chapter 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Nervous System Chapter 13 & 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ is the center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decisions, and taking action.

A

Brain

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2
Q

What is:
-The center for intellect, emotions, behavior, memory and directs our behavior towards others

A

The brain

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3
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the brain?

A

-Brain stem
-Diencephalon
-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum

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4
Q

The:
-Medulla, pons and midbrain are located in which major part of the brain

A

The brain stem

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5
Q

The:
-Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
are located in which major part of the brain

A

The Diencephalon

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6
Q

What is:
Branches from circle of Willis on base of brain

A

Arterial blood supply

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7
Q

(Blood supply to Brain)
-Vessels on surface of brain ___________ tissue.

A

Penetrate

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8
Q

Supplying blood to the brain uses __ % of our body’s ________ & _________ needs

A

-20%
-Oxygen & Glucose

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9
Q

Blood flow to an area increases with ________ in that area.

A

Activity

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10
Q

Deprivation of 02 for __ ____ does permanent injury

A

4 Minuets

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11
Q

What:
-Protects cells from some toxins and pathogens

A

Blood -brain barrier (BBB)

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12
Q

________ and ________ do not pass the BBB

A

-Proteins and Antibiotics

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13
Q

What 4 substances DO pass the Blood brain barrier?

A

-Alcohol
-Water
-Nicotine
-Caffeine

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14
Q

(Blood-brain barrier)
What:
-Seal together epithelial cells, continuous basement membrane, and astrocyte processes covering capillaries

A

Tight junctions

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15
Q

An injury to the brain due to _______, ____________, or ________ causes a breakdown of the BBB, permitting the passage of normally restricted substances into brain tissue.

A

-Trauma
-Inflammation
-Toxins

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16
Q

The BBB may also prevent entry of _____ that could be used as therapy for _______ _______ or other ___ _______, so research is exploring new ways to transport drugs past the BBB.

A

-Drugs
-Brain cancer
-CNS disorders

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17
Q

What:
-Cover the brain
-Surrounds the brain and are continuous with the spinal meninges.

A

Cranial Meninges

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18
Q

Which meninges layer is:
- Cranial has 2 layers (periosteal, meningeal)
-Spinal has 1

A

Dura Mater (Outer)

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19
Q

Which meninges layer is:
-Subarachnoid space contains CSF

A

Arachnoid (Middle)

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20
Q

Which meninges layer is:
-The inner layer

A

Pia Mater

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21
Q

What has:
-3 extensions that separate the parts of the brain

A

-The Dura

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22
Q

Which Dura:
-Separates the cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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23
Q

Which Dura:
-Separates the cerebellar hemispheres

A

Flax cerebelli

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24
Q

Which Dura:
-Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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25
Q

What are:
-A series of interconnecting cavities in the brain?

A

Ventricles

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26
Q

Ventricles are filled with _____________ _______.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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27
Q

The brain is surrounded on the outside by ____

A

CSF

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28
Q

CSF in the brain is found in the _____________ space.

A

Subarachnoid space

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29
Q

The brain nearly floats in an inner and outer ______ _______ of protection.

A

Water bath

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30
Q

(Brain ventricles)
Which ventricle:
-One located in each cerebral hemisphere.

A

Lateral ventricles

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31
Q

What is:
-The thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles anteriorly

A

Septum pellucidum

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32
Q

(Brain ventricles)
Which ventricle is:
-The narrow cavity superior to hypothalamus and intermediate to the right and left thalamic halves

A

Third ventricle

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33
Q

(Brain ventricles)
Which ventricle is:
-Between the brain stem and cerebellum

A

Fourth ventricle

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34
Q

What:
-Serves as a shock absorption medium
-Provides a medium for exchange of nutrient and waste products between the blood and nervous tissue

A

CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

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35
Q

What:
-Maintains the appropriate iconic composition to allow accurate neuronal signaling

A

CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

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36
Q

CSF is formed in the ________ _________ of each ventricle.

A

-Choroid plexuses

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37
Q

What is:
-Capillary networks with surrounding ependymal cells
-Fluid filters from the capillaries and is secreted by the ependymal cells to produce CSF.

A

The Choroid Plexus

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38
Q

What is:
-The tight junctions between the ependymal cells, forms a selectively permeable membrane that allows some substance to pass through while inhibiting potentially harmful substances

A

Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

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39
Q

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood via the __________ _____ which are extensions of the arachnoid.

A

Arachnoid villi

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40
Q

What is:
-A blockage or drainage of CSF
-Continued production cause an increase in pressure
-Neurosurgeon implants a drain shunting the CSF to the veins of the neck or the abdomen

A

Hydrocephalus

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41
Q

In a newborn or fetus, the fontanels allow this internal pressure to cause expansion of the skull and damage to the brain tissue
Is a result of what?

A

Hydrocephalus

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42
Q

The brain can be classified into _______ or _______ matter

A

-White or Gray

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43
Q

(Gray and White matter)
-Accumulations of neuron cell bodies and dendrites make up the bulk of which matter?

A

Gray matter

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44
Q

(Gray and White matter)
-Neuron axons make up most of which matter?

A

White matter

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45
Q

What includes the:
-Medulla Oblongata
-Pons
-Midbrain

A

The brain stem

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46
Q

What is:
-Inferior to the pons and superior to the spinal cord

A

Medulla Oblongata

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47
Q

(Medulla Oblongata)
-The bilateral __________ and _______ are located on the ventral surface.

A

-Pyramids and Olives

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48
Q

(Medulla Oblongata - Olives & Pyramids)
What:
-Contains nuclei which provide instructions that the cerebellum uses to make adjustments to motor learning.

A

The olives

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49
Q

What is associated with:
-A decreased ability to perfect highly specialized motor tasks, such as improving one’s accuracy in hitting a target with a ball.

A

Lesions to the inferior olive

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50
Q

(Medulla Oblongata - Olives & Pyramids)
-What contain large motor tracts from the cerebrum
-Decussation of the motor fibers occurs here

A

The pyramids

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51
Q

What explains why the brain controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body?

A

Motor fibers cross

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52
Q

(Medulla Oblongata)
What:
-Regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat as well the diameter of blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular center

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53
Q

(Medulla Oblongata)
What:
-Adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing

A

Medullary respitory center

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54
Q

What:
-Coordinate swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and hiccupping
-Contains all ascending and descending tracts that connect various parts of the brain with the spinal cord

A

The Medulla Oblongata

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55
Q

What is:
-Superior to the M.O. and has a distinct ventral bulge
-Contains nuclei that help control respiration

A

Pons

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56
Q

What is:
-Important as a relay center between the cerebrum and cerebellum
-Involved in sleep cycles

A

Pons

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57
Q

What:
-Extends from the Pons to the Diencephalon and surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

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58
Q

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
-Cerebral aqueduct connects __ _________ above to __ _________ below.

A

-3rd ventricle
-4th ventricle

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59
Q

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
What is:
-The area posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
-Includes 2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi (Corpora quadrigemina)

A

The Tectum

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60
Q

(Corpora quadrigemina)
What:
-Serves as reflex centers for movements of the eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli

A

Superior colliculi

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61
Q

(Corpora quadrigemina)
What:
-Serves as reflex centers for the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli
- (Startle reflex to loud sounds)

A

Inferior colliculi

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62
Q

What is:
-The area anterior to the cerebral aqueduct
-Contain important motor fibers

A

Cerebral peduncles

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63
Q

(Cerebral peduncles)
What are:
-Located in the C.P.
-These nuclei control subconscious muscle activity

A

Substantia nigra

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64
Q

Where do pathological changes occur from Parkinson’s disease?
- (Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons
- (Tremors)

A

Cerebral Peduncles

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65
Q

Which part of the brain has:
-Scattered nuclei in medulla, pons and midbrain
-Main sensory function is alerting the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals

A

Reticular Formation

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66
Q

The reticular formations primary motor function is to help regulate ________ ______.

A

-Muscle tone

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67
Q

Which part of the brain is:
-Ascending portion of reticular formation
-Consists of fibers that project into the cerebral cortex
Helps to maintain attention and alertness

A

Reticular Activating System

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68
Q

Which part of the brain:
-Alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep
-Responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep
Incoming impulses from ears, eyes and skin

A

Reticular Activating System

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69
Q

Which part of the brain includes the:
-Hypothalamus
-Thalamus
-Epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

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70
Q

Which part of the Diencephalon:
-Controls many autonomic and endocrine functions
-Has regulatory effects over hunger, thirst, and body temperature

A

Hypothalamus

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71
Q

Which part of the Diencephalon:
-Regulates circadian rhythms (sleep/wake cycle)
-Associated with feelings of rage and aggression

A

Hypothalamus

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72
Q

(Diencephalon)
What are:
-Also located in the posterior portion of the hypothalamus and are involved in memory

A

The Mamillary bodies (part of limbic system)

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73
Q

Damage to which part of the brain would lead to some forms of amnesia?

A

The Mamillary bodies

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74
Q

Which part of the Diencephalon:
-Is a relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, and parts of the cerebrum

A

Thalamus

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75
Q

(Thalamus)
-The ___________ ______ connects the right and left thalamic masses

A

Intermediate mass (Interthalamic adhesion)

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76
Q

Which part of the Diencephalon:
-Lies superior and posterior to the thalamus

A

The Epithalamus

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77
Q

The Epithalamus contains the _______ ______ and the __________ _______.

A

-Pineal gland
-Habenular nuclei

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78
Q

What secrets melatonin?

A

The Pineal gland

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79
Q

What:
-Are involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors.

A

The Habenular nuclei

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80
Q

Which part of the brain:
-Sits on top of the brain stem and makes up the bulk of the brain
-Is divided into a left and right cerebral hemisphere

A

Cerebrum (Telencephalon)

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81
Q

Cerebrum (Telencephalon)
-Each hemisphere is divided into 4 major lobes.
What are the 4 major lobes?

A

-Frontal
-Parietal
-Temporal
-Occipital

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82
Q

(Cerebrum)
-Each hemisphere has an outer thin cortex of ______ matter, and an inner mass of _______ matter along with centrally located gray masses called ______ ________.

A

-Gray
-White
-Basal nuclei (Basal ganglia)

83
Q

(Cerebrum)
-The folds (gyri) on the outer surface are formed either by _________ ______ or by a few larger _______.

A

-Shallow grooves
-Clefts

84
Q

(Cerebrum)
-Shallow grooves are also referred to as:

A

-Sulci

85
Q

(Cerebrum)
-Few larger clefts are also referred to as:

A

Fissures

86
Q

What:
-Connects the hemispheres by transverse fibers of white matter (axons)

A

Corpus Callosum

87
Q

Smaller tracts in the Commissural Tracts include the _________ and ________ commissure.

A

-Anterior
-Posterior

88
Q

What regulate the:
-Initiation and termination of movements
-Initiation of movements, balance, eye movements and posture
-Emotional behavior with the limbic system

A

Basal Nuclei

89
Q

What is responsible for:
-Subconscious muscle movements such as arm swinging while walking and laughter in response to a joke
-Learning physical skills and procedural memory (Putamen)

A

Basal Nuclei

90
Q

(Disorder of the Basal Nuclei)
What is:
-An inherited disorder involving degeneration of the putamen and caudate nuclei
-Loss of neurons that release GABA or acetylcholine

A

Huntington’s disease (HD)

91
Q

(Disorder of the Basal Nuclei)
What is:
-Chorea- key sign in which rapid, jerky movements occur involuntarily
-Progressive mental deterioration
-Symptoms usually appear around 30-40, death 10-20 years after symptoms appear

A

Huntington’s disease (HD)

92
Q

(Disorder of the Basal Nuclei)
What is:
-Involuntary body movements and the use of inappropriate or unnecessary sounds or words
-Cause is not known but believed to involve a dysfunction of the cognitive neural circuits between the basal nuclei and the pre-fontal cortex

A

Tourette syndrome

93
Q

(Disorder of the Basal Nuclei)
What is:
-Repetitive thoughts that cause repetitive behaviors that they feel they have to perform
-Thought to be a dysfunction of the neural between the basal nuclei and the limbic system

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

94
Q

Which part of the brain is:
-Sometimes called the “emotional brain”
-Associated with emotions such as pain, pleasure, affection and anger
-Involved in olfaction and memory

A

Limbic System

95
Q

Which part of the Limbic system:
-Regulates emotions and pain

A

Cingulate gyrus

96
Q

Which part of the Limbic system:
-Fear learning, Flight or flight

A

Amygdala

97
Q

Autism is linked with __________ dysfunction - lack of empathy, reward processing

A

Amygdala

98
Q

Which part of the Limbic system:
-Early memory storage and formation of long-term memory

A

Hippocampus

99
Q

Alcohol suppresses the _______________

A

Hippocampus

100
Q

The Limbic system also contains the ________ _______ and the _____________ _______.

A

-Dentate gyrus
-Olfactory bulbs

101
Q

Which part of the brain is:
-The largest lobe (about 35% of the cerebrum)

A

Frontal Lobes

102
Q

Which part of the Frontal lobe:
-Best known for their role as both “thought elaborating” , problem solving, concentrating
and
-The makeup of a person’s personality, mood, and reasoning

A

Prefrontal Cortex

103
Q

Which part of the Frontal lobe:
-Is in the precentral gyrus
-initiates impulses to skeletal muscles

A

Primary Motor Cortex

104
Q

Which part of the Frontal lobe:
-Coordinates the muscular actions of the mouth, tongue, and larynx, which makes speech possible

A

Broca’s area (Motor speech area)

105
Q

In 97% of the population speech is located in the _____ ______________.

A

Left hemisphere

106
Q

Which part of the brain contains:
-The Primary somatosensory cortex
-Areas for sensations such as light and deep touch, pain, and temperature changes

A

Parietal lobes

107
Q

(Parietal lobes)
What is:
-Perceived in the parietal lobes
-Is the ability to perceive the position of one’s own body and parts

A

Proprioception

108
Q

(Parietal lobes)
What:
-Receives impulses for taste
-Located in the Insula - sits deep in the brain between the parietal and temporal lobes

A

Primary gustatory area

109
Q

Which lobe is responsible for:
-Sight and memory of past sight experience are received, built up, stored, and associated here
-Primary visual cortex
-Visual association area

A

Occipital lobes

110
Q

Which lobe is responsible for:
-Auditory reception, interpretation and memory centers
-Primary auditory cortex
-Olfactory interpretation area
-Auditory association area

A

Temporal lobes

111
Q

What is:
-The area that interprets speech and sounds

A

Auditory association (Wernicke’s) area

112
Q

Which part of the brain:
-Does not initiate gross movements but it helps to make our voluntary movements smooth and effective
-Aids in coordination, posture, and balance

A

Cerebellum

113
Q

Which disorder causes:
-Blood flow to the brain is stopped either by blockage or rupture of a blood vessel
-3rd leading death in U.S.

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (Stroke)

114
Q

Which disorder’s symptoms are:
-Difficulty walking
-Loss of balance and coordination
-Difficulty speaking
-Numbness or paralysis in the face, leg, or arm - most likely one side of the body
-Sudden headache - accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or dizziness

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (Stroke)

115
Q

Which disorder causes:
-A stroke that usually only lasts for a few minuets

-Most symptoms gone within an hour, may last up to 24 hrs
-Often warning signs for future strokes

A

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

116
Q

Which disorder causes:
-Progressive degeneration of brain cells
-Slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks
-Unknown cause but may be the combo of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

117
Q

Which disorder causes:
-The loss of cognitive functioning, thinking, remembering, and reasoning

A

Dementia

118
Q

Which disorder is a:
-Degenerative disease of the nervous system resulting in abnormal and uncoordinated movements
-Usually, a result of damage to the cerebellum
-Causes such as -Stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy or M.S.

A

Ataxia

119
Q

Which disorder causes:
-An injury to the brain resulting in temporary loss of normal brain function
-Usually caused by a blow to the head
-Symptoms- Headache, loss of memory and confusion

A

Concussion

120
Q

What is a:
-Neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated blows to the head

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

121
Q

Which disorder causes:
-Inflammation of the brain most commonly caused by a viral infection
-Rarely life- threatening

A

Encephalitis

122
Q

Which disorder causes:
-A state of prolonged unconsciousness that can be caused by an assortment of problems
-Head injury, stroke, brain tumor, drug or alcohol intoxication, underlying illness such as diabetes or an infection

A

Coma

123
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Sensory: Smell reception
-Input is ultimately interpreted in the primary olfactory area of each temporal lobe
Clinical indication: Patient losing ability to smell very aromatic smells such as coffee or soap

A

Olfactory (I)

124
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Sensory: Sight- about a million neuron fibers travel from retina of each eye to the occipital lobe for sight interpretation
Clinical evaluation: Visual acuity and range of peripheral vision

A

Optic (II)

125
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor: Raises eyelids, most extraocular movements
Parasympathetic- ciliary muscle of the eyeball and the sphincter muscle of the iris
Clinical eval: Tracking a moving object and pupillary light response

A

Oculomotor (III)

126
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor Downward and inward eye movement
-Only cranial nerve to decussate
-Evaluation by tracking a moving object

A

Trochlear (IV)

127
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor: Chewing
Sensory: To face, teeth & eye
Clinically eval: Loss of sensation of the face or loss of muscle tone of the masseter upon clenching
-Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Trigeminal (V)

128
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor: Lateral eye movement
Evaluated by tracking of a moving object

A

Abducens (VI)

129
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor: Movement of facial expression muscles
Sensory: Taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue, sensation of skin external auditory canal
Parasympathetic: Secretion of saliva and tears

A

Facial (VII)

130
Q

Which cranial nerve does Bell’s Palsy: paralysis of facial muscles, occur

A

Facial (VII)

131
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Sensory: Hearing & equilibrium
Clinical eval- Hearing and balance tests

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Acoustic

132
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor: Assists in swallowing
Sensory: Sensation from pharynx and taste from the posterior 1/3 of tongue. Monitors blood pressure & oxygen & carbon dioxide levels of blood
Clinical eval: Loss of gag reflex and loss of taste to posterior tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

133
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor: Voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper part of esophagus- assists in swallowing, vocalizing and coughing
Sensory: Skin of external ear, some taste buds, visceral sensory from most organs(hunger, fullness, discomfort) Monitors blood pressure
Clinical eval: Having patient say “Ahh”

A

Vagus (X) Pneumogastric

134
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor: Arises from first 5 cervical cord levels than ascends through the foramen magnum and then exits the jugular foramen and supplies SCM’s and trapezium
-Evaluated by shoulder shrugging

A

Spinal Accessory (XI)

135
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is:
Motor: Movement of the tongue
Clinical Eval: Tongue will deviate to the side when the patient is asked to protrude the tongue

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

136
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: I (1)

A

Olfactory

137
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: II (2)

A

Optic

138
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: III (3)

A

Oculomotor

139
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: IV (4)

A

Trochlear

140
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: V (5)

A

Trigeminal

141
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: VI (6)

A

Abducens

142
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: VII (7)

A

Facial

143
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: VIII (8)

A

Vestibulocochlear Acoustic

144
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: IX (9)

A

Glossopharyngeal

145
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: X (10)

A

Vagus Pneumogastric

146
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: XI (11)

A

Spinal Accessory

147
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: XII (12)

A

Hypoglossal

148
Q

(Spinal Cord)
What is:
-Foramen Magnum, for convenience
(Superior most ventral rootlet of C1)

A

Superior boundary

149
Q

(Spinal Cord)
What is:
-Between vertebral level L1-2 (90%)

A

Inferior boundary

150
Q

The spinal cord has 2 enlargements called the ________ and ________ enlargements.

A

-Cervical
-Lumbar

151
Q

The spinal cord ends as a conical shaped region called the ______ ____________.

A

-Conus medullaris

152
Q

(Spinal Cord)
What is:
-The extension of the pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

A

Filum terminale

153
Q

(Spinal Cord)
What is:
-A tiny insignificant channel near the center of the spinal cord
-Cranially: it’s continuous with the central canal of the medulla oblongata and the fourth ventricle

A

Central canal

154
Q

(Spinal Cord)
__ pairs of spinal _______ exit.

A

-31
-nerves

155
Q

(Spinal Cord)
-Each nerve will have _______ (afferent) and _______ (efferent) roots within the vertebral canal.

A

-Dorsal
-Ventral

156
Q

What is the covering of the spinal cord’s connective tissue called?

A

Spinal Meninges

157
Q

Which Spinal meninges is:
-Outer layer

A

Dura Mater

158
Q

Which Spinal meninges is:
-Middle layer

A

Arachnoid

159
Q

Which Spinal meninges is:
-Inner layer

A

Pia Mater

160
Q

Which Spinal meninges is:
-Extensions of the Pia Mater that suspend the spinal cord to the dural sheath

A

Denticulate ligaments

161
Q

(Spinal meninges)
-Between the wall of the vertebral canal and the Dura Mater is the __________ space which contains ____ and connective tissue

A

-Epidural space
-Fat

162
Q

The _____________ space is between the Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater and contains _____________ ______.

A

-Subarachnoid
-Cerebrospinal fluid

163
Q

What is inflammation of the meninges known as?

A

Meningitis

164
Q

What is this procedure is called?
-Removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space
-Procedure is used to diagnose pathologies and to introduce antibiotics, contrast media, anesthetics and chemo drugs

A

-Spinal tap (Lumbar puncture)

165
Q

What 2 things are found at all cord levels?

A

Gray and White matter

166
Q

What is:
-Dense concentration of neuron cell bodies; thick dendritic mats
-Supports glial cells and dense capillary beds

A

Grat Matter structure

167
Q

Which Gray Matter structure is:
-Sensory horn
-Receives sensations
-Somatic & autonomic

A

Dorsal horn

168
Q

Which Gray Matter structure is:
-Visceral (autonomic) motor horn
-Present only in the thoracic, upper lumbar, sacral segments, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Lateral horn

169
Q

Which Gray Matter structure is:
-Somatic motor horn
-Found in skeletal muscle

A

Ventral horn

170
Q

What is:
-Dense concentration of neuron fibers
-Neuroglial support cells & Blood vessels but less dense than in gray matter

A

White Matter Structure

171
Q

What 2 things penetrate the white matter dividing it into left and right sides?

A

-Anterior median fissure
-Posterior median sulcus

172
Q

What is:
-A column that is a longitudinal bundle of white matter fibers that can be anatomically observed

A

Funiculi (Columns)

173
Q

What are the 3 Funiculus white columns?

A

-Anterior
-Lateral
-Posterior

174
Q

What are:
-Small bundles of functionally related axons within a column
-Include both ascending _____ and descending _____

A

Tracts

175
Q

(Ascending Tracts)
Which Tracts are:
-Fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus
-Function in fine touch, pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception and visceral pain

A

Posterior Column Tracts

176
Q

(Ascending Tracts)
Which Tracts are:
-Anterior and lateral tracts
-Function mainly in pain, temperature, itch and tickle

A

Spinothalamic tracts

177
Q

(Ascending Tracts)
Which Tracts are:
-Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
-Unconscious proprioceptive functions

A

Spinocerebellar Tracts

178
Q

(Descending Tracts)
Which tracts are:
-Mainly the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts
-Function is critical for initiating and accomplishing precise skilled voluntary muscle movements

A

Direct Motor Pathways
(Pyramid Tracts)

179
Q

(Descending Tracts)
Which tracts are:
-Tectospinal, rubrospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts
Influence posture, muscle tone, enhance reflexes and cause automatic movements thus allowing voluntary movements to be smooth and effective

A

Indirect Motor Pathways
(Extrapyramidal Tracts)

180
Q

Which disorder is:
-Progressive degenerative disorder that attacks the motor areas of the cerebral cortex and the axons of the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts, as well as lower motor neuron cell bodies

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

181
Q

Which disorder is:
-Progressive muscle weakness and atrophy without affecting sensations or intellect
-5-10% of cases or due to inherited mutations, possible autoimmune
-Death typically in 2-5 years

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

182
Q

Each spinal nerves has a ________ root and a ________ root.

A

-Ventral
-Dorsal

183
Q

After leaving the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve divides into branches called _____.

A

Rami

184
Q

(Spinal nerves)
What:
-Supplies the dorsal trunk

A

Dorsal ramus

185
Q

(Spinal nerves)
What:
-Supplies extremities, lateral and ventral trunk

A

Ventral ramus

186
Q

The nerves from the lower portion of the spinal cord do not leave the vertebral column at the same level they exit the cord. They descend forming a collection of nerves called the ________ _______

A

Cauda equina

187
Q

(Plexus- Plexuses)
The _________ _____ of spinal nerves (except T2-T12) form networks with adjacent nerves.
-Because of this, a nerve branch going to a specific structure may have _______ from different spinal levels.

A

-Ventral rami
-Fibers

188
Q

What:
-Has C1-C4 and some contributions from C5
-Supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck, upper shoulders and chest

A

Cervical Plexus

189
Q

What:
-Supplies the diaphragm
-Injury to this can cause breathing to stop

A

Prenic nerve

190
Q

What:
-Is C5-T1
-Supplies the shoulder and upper extremities
-Median nerve clinically important in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Brachial Plexus

191
Q

Which part of the Brachial Plexus:
-Supplies the deltoid and teres minor

A

Axillary nerve

192
Q

Which part of the Brachial Plexus:
-Supplies the flexors of the arm

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

193
Q

Which part of the Brachial Plexus:
-Supplies the muscles of the posterior arm and forearm

A

Radial nerve

194
Q

Which part of the Brachial Plexus:
-Supplies most muscles of the anterior forearm and some muscles in the hand

A

Median nerve

195
Q

Which part of the Brachial Plexus:
-Supplies muscles of the anteromedial forearm and most of the hand muscles

A

Ulnar nerve

196
Q

The Thoracic nerves (T2-T12):
Do not form plexuses, they form ___________ ______.

A

Intercostal nerves

197
Q

Thoracic nerves (T2-T12):
What:
-Supplies intercostal muscles of the second intercostal space
-Skin of the axilla and posteriomedial aspect of the arm

A

T2

198
Q

Thoracic nerves (T2-T12):
What:
-Supply intercostal muscles and skin of the anterior and lateral chest wall

A

T3-T6

199
Q

Thoracic nerves (T2-T12):
What:
-Supply the intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles and overlying skin

A

T7-T12

200
Q

Thoracic nerves (T2-T12):
What:
-Supply the deep muscles of the back and the skin over the posterior thorax

A

The Dorsal Rami

201
Q

What:
-Supplies part of the abdominal wall, external genitalia, and parts of the lower extremities

A

Lumbar Plexus L1-L4

202
Q

What:
-Supplies buttocks, perineum, and lower extremities
-Sciatic nerve

A

Sacral and Coccygeal Plexus
L4-S4

203
Q

What is:
-A portion of skin supplied by a spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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