Nervous System Chapter 13 & 14 Flashcards by Madelyn Shipley

The _____ is the center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decisions, and taking action.

Brain

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What is:
-The center for intellect, emotions, behavior, memory and directs our behavior towards others

The brain

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What are the 4 major parts of the brain?

-Brain stem
-Diencephalon
-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum

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The:
-Medulla, pons and midbrain are located in which major part of the brain

The brain stem

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The:
-Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
are located in which major part of the brain

The Diencephalon

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What is:
Branches from circle of Willis on base of brain

Arterial blood supply

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(Blood supply to Brain)
-Vessels on surface of brain ___________ tissue.

Penetrate

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Supplying blood to the brain uses __ % of our body’s ________ & _________ needs

-20%
-Oxygen & Glucose

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Blood flow to an area increases with ________ in that area.

Activity

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Deprivation of 02 for __ ____ does permanent injury

4 Minuets

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What:
-Protects cells from some toxins and pathogens

Blood -brain barrier (BBB)

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________ and ________ do not pass the BBB

-Proteins and Antibiotics

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What 4 substances DO pass the Blood brain barrier?

-Alcohol
-Water
-Nicotine
-Caffeine

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(Blood-brain barrier)
What:
-Seal together epithelial cells, continuous basement membrane, and astrocyte processes covering capillaries

Tight junctions

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An injury to the brain due to _______, ____________, or ________ causes a breakdown of the BBB, permitting the passage of normally restricted substances into brain tissue.

-Trauma
-Inflammation
-Toxins

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The BBB may also prevent entry of _____ that could be used as therapy for _______ _______ or other ___ _______, so research is exploring new ways to transport drugs past the BBB.

-Drugs
-Brain cancer
-CNS disorders

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What:
-Cover the brain
-Surrounds the brain and are continuous with the spinal meninges.

Cranial Meninges

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Which meninges layer is:
- Cranial has 2 layers (periosteal, meningeal)
-Spinal has 1

Dura Mater (Outer)

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Which meninges layer is:
-Subarachnoid space contains CSF

Arachnoid (Middle)

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Which meninges layer is:
-The inner layer

Pia Mater

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What has:
-3 extensions that separate the parts of the brain

-The Dura

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Which Dura:
-Separates the cerebral hemispheres

Falx cerebri

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Which Dura:
-Separates the cerebellar hemispheres

Flax cerebelli

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Which Dura:
-Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

Tentorium cerebelli

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What are: -A series of interconnecting cavities in the brain?

Ventricles

Ventricles are filled with _____________ _______.

Cerebrospinal fluid

The brain is surrounded on the outside by ____

CSF

CSF in the brain is found in the _____________ space.

Subarachnoid space

The brain nearly floats in an inner and outer ______ _______ of protection.

Water bath

(Brain ventricles) Which ventricle: -One located in each cerebral hemisphere.

Lateral ventricles

What is: -The thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles anteriorly

Septum pellucidum

(Brain ventricles) Which ventricle is: -The narrow cavity superior to hypothalamus and intermediate to the right and left thalamic halves

Third ventricle

(Brain ventricles) Which ventricle is: -Between the brain stem and cerebellum

Fourth ventricle

What: -Serves as a shock absorption medium -Provides a medium for exchange of nutrient and waste products between the blood and nervous tissue

CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

What: -Maintains the appropriate iconic composition to allow accurate neuronal signaling

CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

CSF is formed in the ________ _________ of each ventricle.

-Choroid plexuses

What is: -Capillary networks with surrounding ependymal cells -Fluid filters from the capillaries and is secreted by the ependymal cells to produce CSF.

The Choroid Plexus

What is: -The tight junctions between the ependymal cells, forms a selectively permeable membrane that allows some substance to pass through while inhibiting potentially harmful substances

Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood via the __________ _____ which are extensions of the arachnoid.

Arachnoid villi

What is: -A blockage or drainage of CSF -Continued production cause an increase in pressure -Neurosurgeon implants a drain shunting the CSF to the veins of the neck or the abdomen

Hydrocephalus

In a newborn or fetus, the fontanels allow this internal pressure to cause expansion of the skull and damage to the brain tissue Is a result of what?

Hydrocephalus

The brain can be classified into _______ or _______ matter

-White or Gray

(Gray and White matter) -Accumulations of neuron cell bodies and dendrites make up the bulk of which matter?

Gray matter

(Gray and White matter) -Neuron axons make up most of which matter?

White matter

What includes the: -Medulla Oblongata -Pons -Midbrain

The brain stem

What is: -Inferior to the pons and superior to the spinal cord

Medulla Oblongata

(Medulla Oblongata) -The bilateral __________ and _______ are located on the ventral surface.

-Pyramids and Olives

(Medulla Oblongata - Olives & Pyramids) What: -Contains nuclei which provide instructions that the cerebellum uses to make adjustments to motor learning.

The olives

What is associated with: -A decreased ability to perfect highly specialized motor tasks, such as improving one's accuracy in hitting a target with a ball.

Lesions to the inferior olive

(Medulla Oblongata - Olives & Pyramids) -What contain large motor tracts from the cerebrum -Decussation of the motor fibers occurs here

The pyramids

What explains why the brain controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body?

Motor fibers cross

(Medulla Oblongata) What: -Regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat as well the diameter of blood vessels

Cardiovascular center

(Medulla Oblongata) What: -Adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing

Medullary respitory center

What: -Coordinate swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and hiccupping -Contains all ascending and descending tracts that connect various parts of the brain with the spinal cord

The Medulla Oblongata

What is: -Superior to the M.O. and has a distinct ventral bulge -Contains nuclei that help control respiration

Pons

What is: -Important as a relay center between the cerebrum and cerebellum -Involved in sleep cycles

Pons

What: -Extends from the Pons to the Diencephalon and surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

Midbrain (Mesencephalon) -Cerebral aqueduct connects __ _________ above to __ _________ below.

-3rd ventricle -4th ventricle

Midbrain (Mesencephalon) What is: -The area posterior to the cerebral aqueduct -Includes 2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi (Corpora quadrigemina)

The Tectum

(Corpora quadrigemina) What: -Serves as reflex centers for movements of the eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli

Superior colliculi

(Corpora quadrigemina) What: -Serves as reflex centers for the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli - (Startle reflex to loud sounds)

Inferior colliculi

What is: -The area anterior to the cerebral aqueduct -Contain important motor fibers

Cerebral peduncles

(Cerebral peduncles) What are: -Located in the C.P. -These nuclei control subconscious muscle activity

Substantia nigra

Where do pathological changes occur from Parkinson's disease? - (Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons - (Tremors)

Cerebral Peduncles

Which part of the brain has: -Scattered nuclei in medulla, pons and midbrain -Main sensory function is alerting the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals

Reticular Formation

The reticular formations primary motor function is to help regulate ________ ______.

-Muscle tone

Which part of the brain is: -Ascending portion of reticular formation -Consists of fibers that project into the cerebral cortex Helps to maintain attention and alertness

Reticular Activating System

Which part of the brain: -Alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep -Responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep Incoming impulses from ears, eyes and skin

Reticular Activating System

Which part of the brain includes the: -Hypothalamus -Thalamus -Epithalamus

Diencephalon

Which part of the Diencephalon: -Controls many autonomic and endocrine functions -Has regulatory effects over hunger, thirst, and body temperature

Hypothalamus

Which part of the Diencephalon: -Regulates circadian rhythms (sleep/wake cycle) -Associated with feelings of rage and aggression

Hypothalamus

(Diencephalon) What are: -Also located in the posterior portion of the hypothalamus and are involved in memory

The Mamillary bodies (part of limbic system)

Damage to which part of the brain would lead to some forms of amnesia?

The Mamillary bodies

Which part of the Diencephalon: -Is a relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, and parts of the cerebrum

Thalamus

(Thalamus) -The ___________ ______ connects the right and left thalamic masses

Intermediate mass (Interthalamic adhesion)

Which part of the Diencephalon: -Lies superior and posterior to the thalamus

The Epithalamus

The Epithalamus contains the _______ ______ and the __________ _______.

-Pineal gland -Habenular nuclei

What secrets melatonin?

The Pineal gland

What: -Are involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors.

The Habenular nuclei

Which part of the brain: -Sits on top of the brain stem and makes up the bulk of the brain -Is divided into a left and right cerebral hemisphere

Cerebrum (Telencephalon)

Cerebrum (Telencephalon) -Each hemisphere is divided into 4 major lobes. What are the 4 major lobes?

-Frontal -Parietal -Temporal -Occipital

(Cerebrum) -Each hemisphere has an outer thin cortex of ______ matter, and an inner mass of _______ matter along with centrally located gray masses called ______ ________.

-Gray -White -Basal nuclei (Basal ganglia)

(Cerebrum) -The folds (gyri) on the outer surface are formed either by _________ ______ or by a few larger _______.

-Shallow grooves -Clefts

(Cerebrum) -Shallow grooves are also referred to as:

-Sulci

(Cerebrum) -Few larger clefts are also referred to as:

Fissures

What: -Connects the hemispheres by transverse fibers of white matter (axons)

Corpus Callosum

Smaller tracts in the Commissural Tracts include the _________ and ________ commissure.

-Anterior -Posterior

What regulate the: -Initiation and termination of movements -Initiation of movements, balance, eye movements and posture -Emotional behavior with the limbic system

Basal Nuclei

What is responsible for: -Subconscious muscle movements such as arm swinging while walking and laughter in response to a joke -Learning physical skills and procedural memory (Putamen)

Basal Nuclei

(Disorder of the Basal Nuclei) What is: -An inherited disorder involving degeneration of the putamen and caudate nuclei -Loss of neurons that release GABA or acetylcholine

Huntington's disease (HD)

(Disorder of the Basal Nuclei) What is: -Chorea- key sign in which rapid, jerky movements occur involuntarily -Progressive mental deterioration -Symptoms usually appear around 30-40, death 10-20 years after symptoms appear

Huntington's disease (HD)

(Disorder of the Basal Nuclei) What is: -Involuntary body movements and the use of inappropriate or unnecessary sounds or words -Cause is not known but believed to involve a dysfunction of the cognitive neural circuits between the basal nuclei and the pre-fontal cortex

Tourette syndrome

(Disorder of the Basal Nuclei) What is: -Repetitive thoughts that cause repetitive behaviors that they feel they have to perform -Thought to be a dysfunction of the neural between the basal nuclei and the limbic system

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Which part of the brain is: -Sometimes called the "emotional brain" -Associated with emotions such as pain, pleasure, affection and anger -Involved in olfaction and memory

Limbic System

Which part of the Limbic system: -Regulates emotions and pain

Cingulate gyrus

Which part of the Limbic system: -Fear learning, Flight or flight

Amygdala

Autism is linked with __________ dysfunction - lack of empathy, reward processing

Amygdala

Which part of the Limbic system: -Early memory storage and formation of long-term memory

Hippocampus

Alcohol suppresses the _______________

Hippocampus

The Limbic system also contains the ________ _______ and the _____________ _______.

-Dentate gyrus -Olfactory bulbs

Which part of the brain is: -The largest lobe (about 35% of the cerebrum)

Frontal Lobes

Which part of the Frontal lobe: -Best known for their role as both "thought elaborating" , problem solving, concentrating and -The makeup of a person's personality, mood, and reasoning

Prefrontal Cortex

Which part of the Frontal lobe: -Is in the precentral gyrus -initiates impulses to skeletal muscles

Primary Motor Cortex

Which part of the Frontal lobe: -Coordinates the muscular actions of the mouth, tongue, and larynx, which makes speech possible

Broca's area (Motor speech area)

In 97% of the population speech is located in the _____ ______________.

Left hemisphere

Which part of the brain contains: -The Primary somatosensory cortex -Areas for sensations such as light and deep touch, pain, and temperature changes

Parietal lobes

(Parietal lobes) What is: -Perceived in the parietal lobes -Is the ability to perceive the position of one's own body and parts

Proprioception

(Parietal lobes) What: -Receives impulses for taste -Located in the Insula - sits deep in the brain between the parietal and temporal lobes

Primary gustatory area

Which lobe is responsible for: -Sight and memory of past sight experience are received, built up, stored, and associated here -Primary visual cortex -Visual association area

Occipital lobes

Which lobe is responsible for: -Auditory reception, interpretation and memory centers -Primary auditory cortex -Olfactory interpretation area -Auditory association area

Temporal lobes

What is: -The area that interprets speech and sounds

Auditory association (Wernicke's) area

Which part of the brain: -Does not initiate gross movements but it helps to make our voluntary movements smooth and effective -Aids in coordination, posture, and balance

Cerebellum

Which disorder causes: -Blood flow to the brain is stopped either by blockage or rupture of a blood vessel -3rd leading death in U.S.

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (Stroke)

Which disorder's symptoms are: -Difficulty walking -Loss of balance and coordination -Difficulty speaking -Numbness or paralysis in the face, leg, or arm - most likely one side of the body -Sudden headache - accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or dizziness

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (Stroke)

Which disorder causes: -A stroke that usually only lasts for a few minuets -Most symptoms gone within an hour, may last up to 24 hrs -Often warning signs for future strokes

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Which disorder causes: -Progressive degeneration of brain cells -Slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks -Unknown cause but may be the combo of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors

Alzheimer's Disease

Which disorder causes: -The loss of cognitive functioning, thinking, remembering, and reasoning

Dementia

Which disorder is a: -Degenerative disease of the nervous system resulting in abnormal and uncoordinated movements -Usually, a result of damage to the cerebellum -Causes such as -Stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy or M.S.

Ataxia

Which disorder causes: -An injury to the brain resulting in temporary loss of normal brain function -Usually caused by a blow to the head -Symptoms- Headache, loss of memory and confusion

Concussion

What is a: -Neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated blows to the head

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Which disorder causes: -Inflammation of the brain most commonly caused by a viral infection -Rarely life- threatening

Encephalitis

Which disorder causes: -A state of prolonged unconsciousness that can be caused by an assortment of problems -Head injury, stroke, brain tumor, drug or alcohol intoxication, underlying illness such as diabetes or an infection

Coma

Which Cranial Nerve is: Sensory: Smell reception -Input is ultimately interpreted in the primary olfactory area of each temporal lobe Clinical indication: Patient losing ability to smell very aromatic smells such as coffee or soap

Olfactory (I)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Sensory: Sight- about a million neuron fibers travel from retina of each eye to the occipital lobe for sight interpretation Clinical evaluation: Visual acuity and range of peripheral vision

Optic (II)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor: Raises eyelids, most extraocular movements Parasympathetic- ciliary muscle of the eyeball and the sphincter muscle of the iris Clinical eval: Tracking a moving object and pupillary light response

Oculomotor (III)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor Downward and inward eye movement -Only cranial nerve to decussate -Evaluation by tracking a moving object

Trochlear (IV)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor: Chewing Sensory: To face, teeth & eye Clinically eval: Loss of sensation of the face or loss of muscle tone of the masseter upon clenching -Trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal (V)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor: Lateral eye movement Evaluated by tracking of a moving object

Abducens (VI)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor: Movement of facial expression muscles Sensory: Taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue, sensation of skin external auditory canal Parasympathetic: Secretion of saliva and tears

Facial (VII)

Which cranial nerve does Bell's Palsy: paralysis of facial muscles, occur

Facial (VII)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Sensory: Hearing & equilibrium Clinical eval- Hearing and balance tests

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Acoustic

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor: Assists in swallowing Sensory: Sensation from pharynx and taste from the posterior 1/3 of tongue. Monitors blood pressure & oxygen & carbon dioxide levels of blood Clinical eval: Loss of gag reflex and loss of taste to posterior tongue

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor: Voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper part of esophagus- assists in swallowing, vocalizing and coughing Sensory: Skin of external ear, some taste buds, visceral sensory from most organs(hunger, fullness, discomfort) Monitors blood pressure Clinical eval: Having patient say "Ahh"

Vagus (X) Pneumogastric

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor: Arises from first 5 cervical cord levels than ascends through the foramen magnum and then exits the jugular foramen and supplies SCM's and trapezium -Evaluated by shoulder shrugging

Spinal Accessory (XI)

Which Cranial Nerve is: Motor: Movement of the tongue Clinical Eval: Tongue will deviate to the side when the patient is asked to protrude the tongue

Hypoglossal (XII)

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: I (1)

Olfactory

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: II (2)

Optic

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: III (3)

Oculomotor

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: IV (4)

Trochlear

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: V (5)

Trigeminal

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: VI (6)

Abducens

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: VII (7)

Facial

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: VIII (8)

Vestibulocochlear Acoustic

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: IX (9)

Glossopharyngeal

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: X (10)

Vagus Pneumogastric

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: XI (11)

Spinal Accessory

Which Cranial Nerve is roman numeral: XII (12)

Hypoglossal

(Spinal Cord) What is: -Foramen Magnum, for convenience (Superior most ventral rootlet of C1)

Superior boundary

(Spinal Cord) What is: -Between vertebral level L1-2 (90%)

Inferior boundary

The spinal cord has 2 enlargements called the ________ and ________ enlargements.

-Cervical -Lumbar

The spinal cord ends as a conical shaped region called the ______ ____________.

-Conus medullaris

(Spinal Cord) What is: -The extension of the pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

Filum terminale

(Spinal Cord) What is: -A tiny insignificant channel near the center of the spinal cord -Cranially: it's continuous with the central canal of the medulla oblongata and the fourth ventricle

Central canal

(Spinal Cord) __ pairs of spinal _______ exit.

-31 -nerves

(Spinal Cord) -Each nerve will have _______ (afferent) and _______ (efferent) roots within the vertebral canal.

-Dorsal -Ventral

What is the covering of the spinal cord's connective tissue called?

Spinal Meninges

Which Spinal meninges is: -Outer layer

Dura Mater

Which Spinal meninges is: -Middle layer

Arachnoid

Which Spinal meninges is: -Inner layer

Pia Mater

Which Spinal meninges is: -Extensions of the Pia Mater that suspend the spinal cord to the dural sheath

Denticulate ligaments

(Spinal meninges) -Between the wall of the vertebral canal and the Dura Mater is the __________ space which contains ____ and connective tissue

-Epidural space -Fat

The _____________ space is between the Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater and contains _____________ ______.

-Subarachnoid -Cerebrospinal fluid

What is inflammation of the meninges known as?

Meningitis

What is this procedure is called? -Removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space -Procedure is used to diagnose pathologies and to introduce antibiotics, contrast media, anesthetics and chemo drugs

-Spinal tap (Lumbar puncture)

What 2 things are found at all cord levels?

Gray and White matter

What is: -Dense concentration of neuron cell bodies; thick dendritic mats -Supports glial cells and dense capillary beds

Grat Matter structure

Which Gray Matter structure is: -Sensory horn -Receives sensations -Somatic & autonomic

Dorsal horn

Which Gray Matter structure is: -Visceral (autonomic) motor horn -Present only in the thoracic, upper lumbar, sacral segments, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Lateral horn

Which Gray Matter structure is: -Somatic motor horn -Found in skeletal muscle

Ventral horn

What is: -Dense concentration of neuron fibers -Neuroglial support cells & Blood vessels but less dense than in gray matter

White Matter Structure

What 2 things penetrate the white matter dividing it into left and right sides?

-Anterior median fissure -Posterior median sulcus

What is: -A column that is a longitudinal bundle of white matter fibers that can be anatomically observed

Funiculi (Columns)

What are the 3 Funiculus white columns?

-Anterior -Lateral -Posterior

What are: -Small bundles of functionally related axons within a column -Include both ascending _____ and descending _____

Tracts

(Ascending Tracts) Which Tracts are: -Fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus -Function in fine touch, pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception and visceral pain

Posterior Column Tracts

(Ascending Tracts) Which Tracts are: -Anterior and lateral tracts -Function mainly in pain, temperature, itch and tickle

Spinothalamic tracts

(Ascending Tracts) Which Tracts are: -Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts -Unconscious proprioceptive functions

Spinocerebellar Tracts

(Descending Tracts) Which tracts are: -Mainly the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts -Function is critical for initiating and accomplishing precise skilled voluntary muscle movements

Direct Motor Pathways (Pyramid Tracts)

(Descending Tracts) Which tracts are: -Tectospinal, rubrospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts Influence posture, muscle tone, enhance reflexes and cause automatic movements thus allowing voluntary movements to be smooth and effective

Indirect Motor Pathways (Extrapyramidal Tracts)

Which disorder is: -Progressive degenerative disorder that attacks the motor areas of the cerebral cortex and the axons of the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts, as well as lower motor neuron cell bodies

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Which disorder is: -Progressive muscle weakness and atrophy without affecting sensations or intellect -5-10% of cases or due to inherited mutations, possible autoimmune -Death typically in 2-5 years

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Each spinal nerves has a ________ root and a ________ root.

-Ventral -Dorsal

After leaving the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve divides into branches called _____.

Rami

(Spinal nerves) What: -Supplies the dorsal trunk

Dorsal ramus

(Spinal nerves) What: -Supplies extremities, lateral and ventral trunk

Ventral ramus

The nerves from the lower portion of the spinal cord do not leave the vertebral column at the same level they exit the cord. They descend forming a collection of nerves called the ________ _______

Cauda equina

(Plexus- Plexuses) The _________ _____ of spinal nerves (except T2-T12) form networks with adjacent nerves. -Because of this, a nerve branch going to a specific structure may have _______ from different spinal levels.

-Ventral rami -Fibers

What: -Has C1-C4 and some contributions from C5 -Supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck, upper shoulders and chest

Cervical Plexus

What: -Supplies the diaphragm -Injury to this can cause breathing to stop

Prenic nerve

What: -Is C5-T1 -Supplies the shoulder and upper extremities -Median nerve clinically important in carpal tunnel syndrome

Brachial Plexus

Which part of the Brachial Plexus: -Supplies the deltoid and teres minor

Axillary nerve

Which part of the Brachial Plexus: -Supplies the flexors of the arm

Musculocutaneous nerve

Which part of the Brachial Plexus: -Supplies the muscles of the posterior arm and forearm

Radial nerve

Which part of the Brachial Plexus: -Supplies most muscles of the anterior forearm and some muscles in the hand

Median nerve

Which part of the Brachial Plexus: -Supplies muscles of the anteromedial forearm and most of the hand muscles

Ulnar nerve

The Thoracic nerves (T2-T12): Do not form plexuses, they form ___________ ______.

Intercostal nerves

Thoracic nerves (T2-T12): What: -Supplies intercostal muscles of the second intercostal space -Skin of the axilla and posteriomedial aspect of the arm

Thoracic nerves (T2-T12): What: -Supply intercostal muscles and skin of the anterior and lateral chest wall

T3-T6

Thoracic nerves (T2-T12): What: -Supply the intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles and overlying skin

T7-T12

Thoracic nerves (T2-T12): What: -Supply the deep muscles of the back and the skin over the posterior thorax

The Dorsal Rami

What: -Supplies part of the abdominal wall, external genitalia, and parts of the lower extremities

Lumbar Plexus L1-L4

What: -Supplies buttocks, perineum, and lower extremities -Sciatic nerve

Sacral and Coccygeal Plexus L4-S4

What is: -A portion of skin supplied by a spinal nerve

Dermatome