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Biology 101 > Joints Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Joints Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the point of contact:
-Between 2 bones
-Between cartilage and bone
-Between teeth and bones

A

Joint

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2
Q

What is another name for a joint?

A

Articulation

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3
Q

What is the study of joints?

A

Arthrology

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4
Q

What is the study of motion?

A

Kinesiology

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5
Q

(Classification of joints)
Structural classification based upon:
__________ or _________ of space between bones

A

Presence or absence

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6
Q

(Classification of joints)
Structural classification based upon:
-Type of ___________ _______ holding bones together

A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

(Classification of joints)
What type of joints:
-Are made of dense irregular connective tissue

A

fibrous joints

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8
Q

(Classification of joints)
What type of joints:
-Are made of cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joints

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9
Q

(Classification of joints)
What type of joints have a :
-Joint capsule
-Synovial cavity and accessory ligaments

A

Synovial joints

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10
Q

The functional classification of joints are based upon __________

A

Movement

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11
Q

Immovable function of the joint is:

A

Synarthrosis

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12
Q

Slightly moveable function of the joint is:

A

Amphiarthrosis

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13
Q

Freely moveable function of the joint is:

A

Diarthrosis

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14
Q

What type of joint:
-Lack a synovial cavity
-Bones held closely together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen

A

Fibrous joints

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15
Q

What type of joint has 3 structural types:
-Sutures
-Gomphosis
-Syndesmoses

A

Fibrous joints

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16
Q

What is the thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that unites bones of the skull?

A

Sutures

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17
Q

What is it called when a joint is immovable in adults?

A

Synarthrosis

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18
Q

What is it called when a joint is slightly movable in infants and children??

A

Amphiarthrosis

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19
Q

What joint is the:
-Tooth with the tooth socket
-Bone is united with dense irregular connective tissue
-Amphiarthrosis

A

Gomphosis

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20
Q

What is another name for:
Bones united by dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Periodontal ligament

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21
Q

What is:
-Bones held together by substantial dense irregular connective tissue
-Amphiarthrosis

A

Syndesmosis

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22
Q

In which bones does Syndesmosis occur in? (4)

A

-Tibia
-Fibula
-Ulna
-Radius

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23
Q

Which joints:
-Lack a synovial cavity
-Allows little or no movement
-Bones are tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joints

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24
Q

Which cartilaginous joint is:
-Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
-Synarthrosis

A

Synchondrosis

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25
Q

Where is synchondrosis located in the body?

A

First rib and sternum

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26
Q

What is a temporary synchondrosis?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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27
Q

Which cartilaginous joint has:
-Fibrocartilage connecting material
-Amphiarthroses

A

Symphysis

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28
Q

Where is symphysis cartilaginous joint located in the body?

A

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

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29
Q

What type of joint:
-The cavity separates articulating bones
-All are diarthrosis(freely movable)

A

Synovial joints

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30
Q

(Synovial joints)
What:
-Reduces friction
-Absorbs shock

A

Articular cartilage (hyaline)

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31
Q

(Synovial joints)
What:
-Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
-Surrounds joint
-Thickenings in fibrous capsule called ligaments

A

Articular capsule

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32
Q

(Synovial joints)
What:
-Inner lining of capsule
-Secrets synovial fluid containing hyaluronic acid
-Brings nutrients to articular cartilage

A

Synovial membrane

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33
Q

(Other special features)
What are:
-Outside joint capsule

A

Extracapsular ligaments

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34
Q

(Other special features)
What are:
-Within capsule

A

Intracapsular ligaments

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35
Q

(Other special features)
What are:
-Attached around edges to capsule
-Allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly
-Increase stability of knee- torn cartilage

A

Articular discs or menisci

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36
Q

What are:
-Fluid-filled saclike structures similar to the joint capsule
-Reduces friction between moving structures

A

Bursae

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37
Q

Where are bursae located (3)

A

-Skin and bone
-Tendon and bone
-Muscle and bone

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38
Q

What are:
-Tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons at wrists and ankle where many tendons come together in a confined space

A

Tendon sheaths

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39
Q

What is:
Inflammation of a bursa

A

Bursitis

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40
Q

What is:
-The examination of joint
-Instrument size of a pencil
-Remove torn knee cartilages & repair ligaments
-Small incision only

A

Arthroscopy

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41
Q

What is:
The replacement of joints

A

Arthroplasty

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42
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Decreasing the joint angle

A

Flexion

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43
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Increasing the joint angle

A

Extension

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44
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Extension beyond the anatomical position

A

Hyperextension

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45
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Movement in frontal plane

A

Lateral flexion

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46
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Lateral movement away from midline

A

Abduction

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47
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Movement towards midline

A

Adduction

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48
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Movement along the longitudinal axis

A

Rotation

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49
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Limb moving towards the midline

A

Medial (internal) rotation

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50
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Limb moving away from midline

A

Lateral (external) rotation

51
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Circular movement with one fixed end and one free end

A

Circumduction

52
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Forward

A

Protraction

53
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Backward

A

Retraction

54
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Upward

A

Elevation

55
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Downward

A

Depression

56
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Medial movement of the sole

A

Inversion

57
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Lateral movement of the sole

A

Eversion

58
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Bending foot up

A

Dorsiflexion

59
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Bending foot down

A

Plantarflexion

60
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Turning palms forward

A

Supination

61
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Turning palms backwards

A

Pronation

62
Q

(Types of movement at synovial joints)
What is:
-Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch fingertips on the same hand

A

Opposition

63
Q

(Types of synovial joints)
Which joint:
-Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
-Gliding
-Biaxial

A

Planar (gliding) joint

64
Q

-Intercarpal or intertarsal joints
-Sternoclavicular joints
Are examples of which joint?

A

Planar joint

65
Q

(Types of synovial joints)
Which joint:
-Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of 2nd bone
-Monaxial like a door hinge

A

Hinge joints

66
Q

Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
Are examples of which joint?

A

Hinge Joint

67
Q

What is another name for Hinge joints?

A

Ginglymus

68
Q

Flexion and extension are movements produced by which joint?

A

Hinge joint

69
Q

(Types of synovial joints)
Which joint:
-Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone & ligament
-Monoaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis

A

Pivot joint

70
Q

Proximal radioulnar joint
-Supination & Pronation
Atlanto-axial joint
-Rotation
Are examples of what joint?

A

Pivot joint

71
Q

What is another name for the pivot joint?

A

Trochoid

72
Q

(Types of synovial joints)
Which joint:
-Biaxial= flexion-extension or abduction-adduction

A

Condyloid

73
Q

Radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5
Are examples of which joint?

A

Condyloid joint

74
Q

(Types of synovial joints)
Which joint:
-Biaxial= flexion-extension or abduction-adduction
-These movements also combine for circumduction

A

Saddle joints

75
Q

What is another name for Condyloid joints?

A

Ellipsoidal joints

76
Q

Carpometacarpal of thumb is an example of which joint?

A

Saddle joint

77
Q

What is another name for the saddle joint?

A

Sellar joint

78
Q

(Types of synovial joints)
Which joint:
-Ball fitting into a cuplike depression
-Multiaxial

A

Ball-and-Socket joint

79
Q

Shoulder joint and hip joints are examples of which joint?

A

Ball-and-Socket joint

80
Q

What is another name for Ball-and-Socket joints?

A

Spheroid

81
Q

What are:
-Between adjacent vertebrae absorbs vertical shock

A

Intervertebral discs

82
Q

What:
-Permits various movements of the vertebral column
Fibrocartilaginous ring with a pulpy center
-Amphiarthrosis symphysis

A

Intervertebral discs

83
Q

What are:
-Thoracic and sacral are formed during fetal development

A

Primary curves

84
Q

What are:
-Cervical if formed when infant raises head at 4 months
-Lumbar forms when infant sits up and begins to walk at 1 year

A

Secondary curves

85
Q

What abnormal curve is:
-Lateral bending of the spinal column

A

Scoliosis

86
Q

What abnormal curve is:
-Exaggerated thoracic curve

A

Hyperkyphosis

87
Q

What abnormal curve is:
-Exaggerated lumbar curve

A

Hyperlordosis

88
Q

What is:
-Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus
-Most commonly in lumbar
–Pressure on spinal nerves causes radiating pain into the extremities

A

Herniated (slipped) disc

89
Q

(Clinical problems)
What is:
-Failure of the vertebral laminae to unite
-Nervous tissue is unprotected
-Paralysis
-Is a congenital defect

A

Spina bifida

90
Q

What joint is:
A combined hinge and planar formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

A

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

91
Q

What joints movement includes elevation and depression and protraction and retraction of the jaw?

A

Temporomandibular joint

92
Q

What joint:
-Is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

A

Shoulder joint

93
Q

What joints movement are:
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction of the arm

A

Shoulder joint

94
Q

What joint:
-Articular capsule from glenoid cavity to anatomical neck
-Glenoid labrum deepens socket
-Many nearby bursa

A

Glenohumeral joint

95
Q

What muscle:
-Encircle the joint supporting the capsule
-Hold head of humerus in the glenoid cavity
-Shows extreme freedom of movement at the expense of stability

A

Rotator cuff muscles

96
Q

What are common in the Rotator Cuff muscle?

A

Injury and dislocation

97
Q

What joint:
-A hinge joint formed by the trochlea of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius

A

Elbow joint

98
Q

What are the movements of the Elbow joints

A

Flexion and extension

99
Q

What are common injuries to the Elbow joint? (2)

A

-Tennis elbow
-Nursemaid’s elbow

100
Q

What is:
-Radial annular ligament hold head of radius in place
-Collateral ligaments maintain integrity of joint

A

Articular capsule of the Elbow joint

101
Q

What joint is:
-Ball-and-socket joint is formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hipbone

A

Hip joint

102
Q

Which joints movement is:
-Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and the medial and lateral rotation of the thigh

A

Hip joints

103
Q

The:
-Acetabular labrum
-Articular capsule
are the structures of what?

A

Hip joint structures

104
Q

What is:
-The largest and most complex joint of the body and consist of 3 joints within a single synovial cavity

A

Knee joints

105
Q

What do these bones make up:
-Medial tibiofemoral, lateral tibiofemoral and patellofemoral

A

Knee joints

106
Q

What movements does the knee joint include?

A

Flexion and extension

107
Q

What type of joint:
-Articular capsule
-Mostly ligaments and tendons
-Lateral and medial menisci
-Many bursa

A

Tibiofemoral joint

108
Q

What type of joint is:
-Fibrocartilage allowing the femoral and tibial condyle to fit together

A

Tibiofemoral joint

109
Q

What type of ligament:
-Is from femur to fibula
-Provides lateral stability to the knee

A

Fibular collateral ligament (LCL)

110
Q

What type of ligament:
-Is from femur to tibia
-Provides medial stability to the knee

A

Tibial collateral ligament (MCL)

111
Q

Fibular collateral ligaments and Tibial collateral ligaments are both what type of ligaments?

A

Extracapsular ligaments

112
Q

What type of ligament:
-Is from posterior tibia to anterior femur
-Prevents posterior sliding of tibia

A

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

113
Q

What type of ligament:
-Is from anterior tibia to posterior femur
-Prevents anterior sliding of tibia

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

114
Q

What disorder:
-Autoimmune
-Cartilage attacked
-Inflammation, swelling and pain
-Final step is fusion of joint

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

115
Q

What disorder:
-Aging, wear & tear
-Deterioration of cartilage produces bone spurs
-Pain upon awakening- disappears with movement

A

Osteoarthritis

116
Q

What is another name for Osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative joint disease

117
Q

What disorder:
-Urate crystals build up in joints- pain
-Deposited in cartilage causing inflammation & swelling

A

Gouty Arthritis

118
Q

What type of arthritis is:
-In middle-aged men with abnormal gene

A

Gouty arthritis

119
Q

What causes these symptoms:
-Widespread joint pain
-Headaches, fatigue
-Neurological symptoms
-“Bull’s -eye rash”

A

Lyme disease

120
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi is the bacteria that causes ___________?

A

Lyme disease

121
Q

What is:
-An overstretching or tearing of a ligament
-Usually accompanied by considerable swelling and pain

A

Sprain

122
Q

What is the initial treatment for a sprain and a strain?

A

PRICE

123
Q

What is PRICE?
P-
R
I-
C-
E-

A

Protection
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation

124
Q

What is:
-An overstretching or partial tear of a muscle or tendon

A

Strain

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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