Skeletal muscle tissue Chapter 11 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What is:
-Attached to the bones
-Striated
-Voluntary
A
Skeletal muscle
2
Q
What are the 3 functions of skeletal muscles?
A
1-Motion
2-Maintenance of posture
3-Heat production
3
Q
What is:
-Fibrous connective deep to the skin around muscle fibers and other organs and lines body walls
A
Fascia
4
Q
Fascia is made up of what type of tissue?
A
Dense irregular connective tissue
5
Q
(Extension of fascia)
What:
-Covers entire muscle
A
Epimysium
6
Q
(Extension of fascia)
What:
-Covers fascicles which are bundles of muscle fibers
A
Perimysium
7
Q
(Extension of fascia)
What:
-Covers and separates muscle fibers
A
Endomysium
8
Q
(Extension of fascia)
What is:
-Extension of all 3
-Attaching muscle to the periosteum of bone
A
Tendon
9
Q
(Extension of fascia)
What is:
-Flat broad shaped tendon
A
Aponeurosis
10
Q
What are made from:
-Muscle cell
-Long cylindrical in shape
A
Muscle fibers
11
Q
What is another name for muscle fibers?
A
Myofibers
12
Q
(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are made from:
-Plasma membrane
A
Sarcolemma
13
Q
(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are made from:
-Cytoplasm
A
Sarcoplasm
14
Q
(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are:
-Comparable to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
15
Q
(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are:
-Dilated sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum
-High concentration of calcium ions
A
Terminal cisterns
16
Q
(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are:
-Extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate the center of the muscle fibers
A
Transverse tubules (T tubules)
17
Q
What are:
-Contractile elements of skeletal muscles
A
Myofibrils
18
Q
Myofibrils contain smaller structures called _________
A
Filaments (Myofilaments)
19
Q
What are the 2 major types of myofibrils
A
-Thick filaments
-Thin filaments
20
Q
Myofilaments are arranged in compartments called __________ which run from Z disc to Z disc
A
Sarcomeres
21
Q
Put these in order from largest to smallest:
-Myofiber (muscle cell)
-Filaments (Myofilaments)
-Fascicle
-Myofibril
-Muscle
A
-Muscle
-Fascicle
-Myofiber
-Myofibril
-Filaments
22
Q
Which filaments are made up of protein molecules called myosin?
A
Thick filaments
23
Q
Projecting myosin heads are called _____ ________
A
Cross bridges
24
Q
These protein molecules make up what?
-Actin
-Tropomyosin
-Troponin
A
Thin filaments
25
Name the three protein molecules that make up thin filaments
-Actin
-Tropomyosin
-Troponin
26
Each actin molecule has a ________ _____
Binding site
27
(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Proteins that separate one sarcomere from the next
Z discs
28
(Components of a Sarcomere)
What:
-Extend from one end of thick filament to the other
A band
29
(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Thin filaments but no thick filaments
I band
30
(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Thick filaments but no thin filaments
H zone
31
(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Proteins that hold thick filaments together
M line
32
(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-A protein that connects the Z disc to the M line
Titan
33
(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Very elastic and allows the sarcomere to return to its resting length after contraction or stretching of the muscle
Titan
34
What is:
-The region between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
Neuromuscular Junction
35
(Neuromuscular junction)
What is:
-The area between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle
Synaptic cleft
36
(Neuromuscular junction)
What is:
-Contain neurotransmitter (Acetylcholine)
Synaptic vesicles
37
(Neuromuscular junction)
What is the:
-Muscle fiber part of the NMJ
-Portion of sarcolemma
Motor end plate
38
(Nerve impulse activates muscle action potential)
1. Nerve impulse reaching _______ _____ _____ causing Ca2+ influx which releases acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicle
Synaptic end bulb
39
(Nerve impulse activates muscle action potential)
2.ACh molecules bind to receptors on motor end plate. Channels open & allow Na+ to flow into ________ _________.
Muscle membrane
40
(Nerve impulse activates muscle action potential)
3. Na+ inflow triggers an action potential in muscle. Action potential travels into __ ________.
T Tubule
41
(Nerve impulse activates muscle action potential)
4. ACh activity broken down by ________________________.
Acetylcholinesterase
42
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
1. Muscle fiber action potential ( _________ )
Excitation
43
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
2. AP conducted into fiber by __ _______.
T Tubule
44
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
3. AP in T tubules cause _________ ________ to become permeable to calcium.
Terminal cisterns
45
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
4. Calcium diffuses out of cisterns into _____________.
Sarcoplasm
46
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
5. Calcium combines with troponin-- tropin changes shape and pulls ___________ off active sites on actin
Tropomyosin
47
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
6. ATP broken down into ADP + P and activates (energizes) the ______ _______.
Myosin head
48
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
7. Attachment of head of myosin to active site (on actin). This causes release of the _________ _______.
Phosphate group
49
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
8. ________ _______ - release of the phosphate group causes head to flex, pulling actin filament towards the center of the ______ ________ (H zone).
-Power stroke
-Thick filaments
50
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
9. Once the head ______ it releases ADP.
Flexes
51
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
10. ATP binds to ATP binding sites (on myosin) and causes _____ _______ to release.
Cross bridges
52
(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
11. What step does the process restart at?
Step 6
53
What process continues over and over, continually moving the thin filaments toward the H zone?
Sliding Filament mechanism
54
The Sliding Filament Mechanism repeats as long as what 2 things are present?
-Calcium level is high
-ATP is available
55
What happens when:
-Action potential ceases
-Calcium pumped out of sarcoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Fiber relaxes
Relaxation
56
What happens when:
-Troponin releases calcium
-Troponin molecule returns to original shape pulling tropomyosin strands over the active sites
Relaxation
57
What is:
-A state of muscular rigidity that begins 3-4 hours after death
Rigor Mortis
58
About how long does Rigor Mortis last?
24 hours
59
(Rigor Mortis)
After death, Ca2+ ions leak out of the SR and allow ______ ______ to bind to actin.
Myosin heads
60
(Rigor Mortis)
Since ATP synthesis has ceased, crossbridges cannot detach from actin until __________ _______ begin to digest the decomposing cells.
Proteolytic Enzymes
61
What happens when:
-Muscle uses ATP at a great rate when active
-Sarcoplasmic ATP only lasts for few seconds
-3 sources of ATP production within muscle
Muscle metabolism
62
Muscle metabolism is:
Production of ____ in _______ _______.
-ATP
-Muscle fibers
63
The 3 sources of ATP production within the muscle during muscle metabolism is:
-Phosphagen system
-Anaerobic cellular respiration
-Aerobic cellular respiration
64
(Phosphagen system)
1. The initial energy required for intense exercise comes from _____ borrowing __ from other molecules
-ADP
-P
65
(Phosphagen system)
2. ________ transfers P from one ADP to another to make ATP that myosin can use.
Myokinase
66
(Phosphagen system)
3. Excess ATP within resting muscle used to form _________ _________.
Creatine phosphate
67
(Phosphagen system)
4. Creatine phosphate 3-6 times more plentiful than ____ within muscle.
ATP
68
(Phosphagen system)
5. It's quick breakdown by _______ ________ provides energy for creation of ATP.
Creatine kinase
69
(Phosphagen system)
6. Stores of creatine phosphate and ATP sustain maximal contraction for ____ seconds.
15 seconds
70
(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
1. ATP produced from _______ breakdown into pyruvic acid during ________.
-Glucose
-Glycolysis
71
(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
2. If no O2 present, pyruvic is converted to ______ _____ which diffuses into the blood.
Lactic acid
72
(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
3. Glycolysis can continue ____________ to provide ATP for ___ to ____ seconds of maximal activity.
-Anaerobically
- 30-40 seconds
73
(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
ATP for any activity lasting minutes or hours:
-If sufficient oxygen is available, _______ _____ enters the mitochondria to generate ATP, ________ and _______>
-Pyruvic acid
-Water and heat
74
(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
ATP for any activity lasting minutes or hours:
-______ acid and ______ acid can also be used by the mitochondria.
-Fatty acid
-Amino acid
75
What is:
-The inability to contract after prolonged activity
Muscle fatigue
76
What is:
-The feeling of tiredness and a desire to stop
-Occurs before actual muscle fatigue
Central fatigue (Protective mechanisms)
77
These are factors that contribute to what?
-Depletion of creatine phosphate
-Decline of Ca2+ within the sarcoplasm
Muscle fatigue
78
These are factors that contribute to ....?
-Insufficient oxygen or glycogen
-Buildup of lactic acid and ADP
-Insufficient release of acetylcholine from motor neurons
Muscle fatigue
79
What happens when:
-A load is moved
Isotonic contraction
80
What happens when:
-A muscle shortens to produce force and movement
Concentric contraction
81
What happens when:
-A muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement
Eccentric contractions
82
What happens when:
-No movement occurs
-Tension is generated without muscle shortening
-Maintaining posture & support objects in a fixed position
Isometric contraction
83
-Myoglobin
-Mitochondria
-Capillaries
Are what?
Variations in Skeletal Muscle Fibers
84
What type of fibers have:
-More myoglobin
-An oxygen-storing reddish pigment
-More capillaries and mitochondria
Red muscle fibers
85
What type of fibers have:
-Less myoglobin
-Less capillaries give fibers their plate color
White muscle fibers
86
What type of muscle fibers:
-Are red in color
-generates ATP aerobically
-Prolonged, sustained contractions for maintaining posture
Slow Oxidative (SO)
87
What type of Muscle fiber is used for running marathons?
Slow oxidative
88
What type of muscle fibers:
-Are red in color
-Generate ATP aerobically and anaerobically
-Split ATP at a very fast rate
Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)
89
What type of muscle fibers are used for:
-Walking and sprinting
Fast oxidative-glycolytic
90
What type of muscle fibers:
-Are white in color
-Anaerobic movements for short duration
Fast glycolytic (FG)
91
What type of muscle fibers are used for:
-Weight-lifting and sprinting
Fast glycolytic (FG)
92
Muscle fibers that are red in color have: (3)
Lots of:
-Mitochondria
-Myoglobin
-Blood vessels
93
Muscle fibers that are white in color have: (3)
Few:
-Mitochondria
-BV
-Low myoglobin
94
A whole muscle contains:
A mixture of all 3 fibers types
95
What type of muscles have:
A higher proportion of postural, slow oxidative fibers? (3)
-Neck
-Beck
-Leg
96
Which muscles have:
-A higher proportion of fast glycolytic fibers? (2)
-Shoulder
-Arm
97
Ratios of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative fibers are _______ __________.
Genetically determined
98
Individuals with a higher proportion of FG fibers excel in:
Intense activity
-Weight lifting
-Sprinting
99
Individuals with higher percentages of SO fibers excel in:
Endurance activities
-Long-distance running
100
Various types of exercises can induce changes in ______ ________.
Muscle fibers
101
Aerobic exercise transforms some __ fibers into ____ fibers.
-FG fibers
-FOG fibers
102
Endurance exercises do not increase what?
Muscle mass
103
Exercises that require short bursts of strength produce an increase in the size of ____ _______.
FG fibers
104
Muscle enlargement is due to increased synthesis of __ and _____ ________.
Thick and thin filaments
105
Cannot convert fast twitch to _____ twitch.
Slow twitch
106
Slow twitch cannot convert to ______ twitch.
Fast
107
What is:
-Similar to testosterone
-Increases muscle size, strength, and endurance
Anabolic steroids
108
-Liver cancer
-Mood swings
-Atrophy of testicles and baldness in males
Are very serious side effects of?
Anabolic steroids
109
What are 3 other serious side effects of Anabolic steroids?
-Kidney damage
-Heart disease
-Facial hair and voice deepening in females
110
Skeletal muscle starts to be replaced by fat beginning at what age?
30 years
111
Slowing of reflexes & decrease in maximal strength is due to:
Aging
112
Change in fiber type to ______ ______ fibers may be due to lack of use or may be result of aging.
Slow oxidative
113
What disorder:
-Progressive autoimmune disorder that blocks the ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
-More receptors are damaged the weaker the muscle.
Myasthenia Gravis
114
What disorder:
-Is more common in women 20 to 40 with possible line to thymus gland tumors
-Begins with double vision and swallowing difficulties and progresses to paralysis of respiratory muscles
Myasthenia Gravis
115
What disorder is treated by:
-Steroids that reduce antibodies that bind to ACh and inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase
Myasthenia Gravis
116
What disease:
-Is inherited, muscle destroying disease
-Sarcolemma tears during muscle contraction
Muscular Dystrophies
117
What disease:
-Mutated gene is on X chromosome
-Almost exclusively males
Muscular Dystrophie
118
What would appear in makes by age 5 and by 12 may be unable to walk?
Muscular Dystrophie
119
What disease:
-Degeneration of individual muscle fibers produce atrophy of the skeletal muscle
Muscular Dystrophies
120
What is hoped for with gene therapy (most common form)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
121
What:
-Causes widespread pain throughout the body and in particular the muscles
-Causes fatigue, depression, poor sleep, headaches and irritable bowel syndrome
Fibromyalgia
122
What is thought to be more of a neurological problem than a muscular problem- altered pain reception in the brain
Fibromyalgia
123
What has:
-No known cause
-Seems to be triggered by emotional or physical trauma
Fibromyalgia
124
What is treated by:
-Medications to control pain and help with depression
-Regular exercise
-Physical & massage therapy
-Stress management
Fibromyalgia
125
(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-Involuntary contraction of single muscle
Spasm
126
(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-A painful spasm
Cramp
127
(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-Involuntary twitching of muscles normally under voluntary control
Tic
128
What are some examples of involuntary twitching (Tic)
(4)
-Eye blinking
-Nose twitching
-Head jerking
-Shoulder shrugging
129
(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-Rhythmic
-Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups
Tremor
130
(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-Involuntary
-Brief twitch of a motor unit visible under the skin
Fasciculation
131
What is:
-Wasting away of muscles
Atrophy
132
What is:
-Caused by disuse or severing or damage of the nerve supply
Atrophy
133
What is:
-The increase in the diameter of muscle fibers
Hypertrophy
134
What results:
-From very forceful, repetitive, muscular activity
-Increase in myofibrils
-SR and mitochondria
Hypertrophy
135
What is:
-The small amount of tautness or tension in a skeletal muscle at rest
Muscle tone
136
What is:
-Loss of voluntary muscular function
Paralysis
137
What type of paralysis is:
-Atrophy and loss of muscle tone
-Loss of deep tendon reflexes
Flaccid paralysis
138
What type of paralysis is:
-Indicates a lower motor neuron lesion
Flaccid paralysis
139
Damage to the peripheral nervous system would indicate what?
A Lower motor neuron lesion
140
What type of paralysis is:
-Muscles are spastic or rigid
-Increased deep tendon reflexes and a positive Babinski sign
Spastic paralysis
141
What would indicate an upper motor neuron lesion?
Spastic paralysis
142
What would damage to the central nervous system indicate?
An upper motor neuron lesion
143
What is:
-The great toe extends, and the other toes abduct in response to the sole of the foot being firmly stroked
Babinski sign
144
Intense exercise can cause _______ _______.
Muscle damage
145
(Intense exercise can cause muscle damage)
-Electron micrographs reveal torn ___________, damaged myofibrils and disrupted ___ ______.
-Sarcolemmas
-Z discs
146
(Intense exercise can cause muscle damage)
-Blood levels of proteins normally confined only to muscle increase as they are released from _________ ________.
Damaged muscle
147
Delayed onset muscle soreness is due to:
Exercise-Induces muscle damage.
148
Delayed onset muscle soreness is shown:
-____ to ___ hours after strenuous exercise
12 to 48 hours
149
What are 3 symptoms of Exercise-Induced muscle damage?
-Stiffness
-Tenderness
-Swelling
