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MSCT > Bone tumors > Flashcards

Bone tumors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoid osteoma?

A

Young adults, males

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2
Q

Where are the most common sites for osteoid osteomas?

A

Appendicular skeleton; diaphysis and metaphysis of distal humerus, digits of the hand, femur, tibia

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3
Q

What are the three primary characteristics of osteoid osteomas?

A

Small size, self-limiting growth, tendency to cause extensive reactive changes in adjacent tissues

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4
Q

What size are osteoid osteomas?

A

Usually 1cm or less

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5
Q

What are the radiological features of osteoid osteomas?

A

Nidus with sclerotic reaction, cortical thickening

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6
Q

What are the histological features of osteoid osteomas?

A

Irregular bone trabeculae lined by benign osteoblasts, fibrovascular stroma, occasional osteoclasts, sclerotic surrounding bone

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7
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of osteoid osteoma?

A

Nocturnal pain alleviated by NSAIDs

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8
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of osteoblastoma?

A

Dull/achy pain, may be relieved by NSAIDs

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoblastoma?

A

Young adults, male

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10
Q

What are the most common sites for osteoblastoma?

A

Axial/spine, diaphysis and metaphysis of lower extremity

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for osteosarcoma?

A

Children/young adults, elderly, Paget disease, familial retinoblastoma, LiFraumeni syndrome (germline p53 mutation)

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12
Q

Is osteoid osteoma benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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13
Q

Is osteoblastoma benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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14
Q

What are the radiological findings of osteoblastoma?

A

Lytic with or without sclerotic margin; internal calcification and ossification; lacks surrounding bone sclerosis

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15
Q

What are the histological findings of osteoblastoma?

A

Similar to osteoid osteoma without surrounding bone sclerosis; irregular bone trabeculae lined by benign osteoblasts, associated fibrovascular stroma and occasional osteoclasts

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16
Q

Is osteosarcoma benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

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17
Q

Where are tumors usually located in osteosarcoma?

A

Metaphysial (long bones) in youth, often distal femur or proximal tibia; axial skeleton/flat bones in older adults

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18
Q

What are the typical radiological findings in osteosarcoma?

A

Lytic and/or sclerotic appearance; Codman triangle (elevation of periosteum) or sunburst pattern

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19
Q

What are the typical histological findings in osteosarcoma?

A

Atypical malignant cells producing osteoid of mineralized neoplastic bone, usually accompanied by mitotic activity and necrosis, host bone permeation

20
Q

What are the two genes that are often involved in low grade osteosarcoma?

A

CDK4 and MDM2

21
Q

What are the risk factors for osteochondroma?

A

Young adults, male

22
Q

Is osteochondroma benign or malignant?

A

Benign

23
Q

Where are tumors usually found in osteochondroma?

A

Usually metaphysis of long bones that undergo endochondral ossification

24
Q

What genes are often involved in osteochondroma?

A

EXT1 and EXT2

25
Q

What are the typical radiological features of osteochondroma?

A

Bony exostosis with cartilaginous cap (First Aid); pedunculated or sessile ossified stalk in communication with underlying bone that grows away from adjacent joint (lecture)

26
Q

What are the typical histological findings of osteochondroma?

A

Hyaline cartilage cap undergoing endochondral ossification to bone with normal marrow

27
Q

Where in the body are tumors usually found in enchondroma?

A

Appendicular skeleton, usually hands and feet

28
Q

What are the typical radiological findings in enchondroma?

A

Circumcised lytic lesions, usually with punctate and ring-like calcifications

29
Q

What are the typical histological findings in enchondroma?

A

Nodular growth of hyaline cartilage in medullary region or surface of bone

30
Q

What genes are often involved in enchondroma?

A

IDH1 and IDH2

31
Q

What are the risk factors for chondrosarcoma?

A

Older adults

32
Q

Where in the body are tumors usually found in chondrosarcoma?

A

Axial skeleton; pelvis, humerus, proximal femur

33
Q

What are the typical radiological findings in chondrosarcoma?

A

Lytic, destructive lesion usually with punctate and ring-like calcification

34
Q

Is chondrosarcoma benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

35
Q

Is enchondroma benign or malignant?

A

Benign; may progress to chondrosarcoma

36
Q

What are the typical histological findings in chondrosarcoma?

A

Bone invasion and entrapment with possible necrosis; abnormal matrix-producing cartilage

37
Q

What are the risk factors for giant cell tumor of bone?

A

Age 20-40 years, skeletally mature

38
Q

Are giant cell tumors benign or malignant?

A

Benign; locally aggressive

39
Q

What are the typical radiological findings in giant cell tumors?

A

Lytic lesion involving epiphysis; soap bubble-like appearance

40
Q

Where are giant cell tumors usually found?

A

Epiphysis of long bones, usually distal femur and proximal tibia

41
Q

What are the typical histologic findings in giant cell tumors?

A

Sheets of osteoclastic giant cells with numerous nuclei

42
Q

What are the risk factors for Ewing sarcoma?

A

Age <20, male

43
Q

Where are tumors usually found in Ewing sarcoma?

A

Diaphysis of long bones; pelvis, scapula, ribs

44
Q

What is the genetic mutation associated with Ewing sarcoma?

A

t(11;22) causing EWSR1-FLI1 fusion gene

45
Q

What are the typical radiologic features of Ewing sarcoma?

A

Destructive and permeative tumor, usually in diaphysis, often soft tissue extension; onion skin periosteal reaction

46
Q

What are the typical histological findings in Ewing sarcoma?

A

Anaplastic small “blue cells” (small, round, little cytoplasm, fairly uniform in size and shape), possible necrosis

MSCT (14 decks)

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