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MSCT > CT, Cartilage, and Bone Histology > Flashcards

CT, Cartilage, and Bone Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of CT?

A

Cells, fibers, ECM

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2
Q

What is the resident cell of CT?

A

Fibroblast

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3
Q

What are the features of loose CT?

A

More cells than collagen fibers

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4
Q

Where is loose CT usually found?

A

Surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and muscles

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5
Q

What are the features of dense CT?

A

More collagen fibers than cells

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6
Q

What are the features of dense regular CT?

A

Preferentially oriented collagen fibers

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7
Q

What are the features of dense irregular CT?

A

Randomly oriented collagen fibers

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8
Q

What is the structure of GAGs?

A

Long, unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units; highly negatively charged

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9
Q

What is the function of GAGs?

A

Associate with large amounts of water to create hydrated gels with high viscosity and low compressibility

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10
Q

What are the four main components of the ECM?

A

Glycoaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins, and collagen

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11
Q

What is the structure of proteoglycans?

A

Protein core with at least one covalently bound GAG; highly negatively charged

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12
Q

What are the functions of proteoglycans?

A

Organization and stabilization of the ECM by interaction with other molecules; component of the basal lamina of epithelial cells to create a barrier to the passage of positively charged molecules

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13
Q

What is the structure of adhesive glycoproteins?

A

Proteins with disulfide-bound subunits and binding sites for cells and other ECM components

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14
Q

What are the functions of adhesive glycoproteins?

A

Facilitate the attachment of cells to the ECM; affect growth, survival, morphology, differentiation, and motility of cells

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15
Q

What are the two primary glycoproteins?

A

Laminin and fibronectin

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16
Q

What is the general function of type I, II, and III collagen?

A

Providing tensile strength to tissues

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17
Q

What is the structure of mature collagen fibers?

A

Multiple associated triple helices formed by three individual α-chains

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18
Q

How is collagen formed?

A

Fibroblast translates and modifies individual α-chains; assembly of α-chains into soluble triple helix (procollagen); secretion of procollagen into extracellular space; cleavage via proteases (C and N propeptidase) into insoluble tropocollagen; spontaneous assembly of tropocollagen into collagen fibrils; association of collagen fibrils into immature collagen fibers; crosslinking of immagture collagen fibers via lysyl oxidase to form mature collagen fibers

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19
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrous

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20
Q

What are the primary cells that form cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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21
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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22
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Elastic cartilage

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23
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Fibrous cartilage

24
Q

What is the connective tissue layer that surrounds most cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

25
Q

What is the function of the perichondrium?

A

Contains stem cells that differentiate into chondroblasts, then chondrocytes

26
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which chondrocytes grow?

A

Interstitial growth by division of existing chondrocytes; appositional growth by the production of new cells from the perichondrium

27
Q

Not a real question, but did you know that cartilage and dense regular connective tissue are avascular and therefore heal poorly?

A

*In the voice of Cecil from WTNV*: …neat!

28
Q

What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

Surrounded by perichondrium; chondrocytes surrounded by type II collagen, proteoglycans, and water (provides compressive strength)

29
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Skeleton of the embryo, articular cartilage in joints, cartilage of respiratory tract

30
Q

What is the structure of elastic cartilage?

A

Surrounded by perichondrium; surrounded by type II collagen, proteoglycans, and elastic fibers

31
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear and epiglottis

32
Q

What is the structure of fibrous cartilage?

A

No perichondrium; surrounded by type I collagen; resembles dense fibrous connective tissue

33
Q

Where is fibrinous cartilage found?

A

Intervertebral disks, menisci of the knee, pubic symphysis

34
Q

What is the composition of the organic matrix of the bone (osteoid)?

A

Type I collagen and proteoglycans (osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin)

35
Q

What is the composition of the inorganic matrix of the bone (bone mineral)?

A

Hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate salt)

36
Q

What are the four major cell types in bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells

37
Q

What are the functions of osteoblasts?

A

Deposit osteoid along the osteoblast-bone interface; initiate and control mineralization of the osteoid

38
Q

Maybe make a card that says: What are some of the proteins that osteoblasts express?

A

Cool

39
Q

What is the first bone matrix produced by the osteoblast?

A

Primary or woven bone

40
Q

What are the characteristics of primary/woven bone?

A

Loose, randomly oriented collagen fibers; low amounts of hydroxyapatite

41
Q

What is the primary/woven bone matrix remodeled into?

A

Secondary or lamellar bone

42
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary/lamellar bone?

A

Organized sheets of collagen fibers (lamella); high amounts of hydroxyapatite

43
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Respond to forces on the bone, release factors that stimulate bone remodeling or turnover

44
Q

What are the characteristics of osteocytes?

A

Highly branched cells; cell bodies occupy lacunae within the layers of bone matrix; processes pass through canaliculi and interconnect

45
Q

How are osteocytes formed?

A

Osteoblasts flatten out and transform into osteocytes when bone formation is complete

46
Q

What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

A

Degradation of the bone matrix

47
Q

What are the characteristics of osteoclasts?

A

Large, multinucleated cells; highly polarized with a ruffled border; contains high levels of carbonic anhydrase II (creates acidic microenvironment for solubilizing mineralized component of bone; lots of steps that I don’t really care to memorize unless McGuire says we have to)

48
Q

How are osteoclasts formed?

A

Derive from monocyte precursors in the bone marrow; undergo osteoclastogenesis (lots of steps that I don’t really care to memorize unless McGuire says we have to)

49
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Decreases bone turnover by activating osteoclast calcitonin receptors (CTR), which inhibits osteoclast activity, causing immobilization and retraction away from the bone surface

50
Q

What are the two classifications of bone structure?

A

Cortical or compact bone; trabecular or cancellous bone

51
Q

What are the features of cortical/compact bone?

A

Osteocytes and bone matrix are arranged into osteons

52
Q

What is the structure of an osteon?

A

Central (Haversian) canal with blood vessel; canal surrounded by concentric layers (lamellae) of bone cells and matrix; canaliculi traverse the lamellae to form connections between lacunae and central canals

53
Q

What is the structure of trabecular/cancellous bone?

A

Layers of lamellae form bony trabeculae that project into the marrow cavity; randomly distributed osteocytes within trabeculae; surface of trabeculae covered with osteoblasts and osteoclasts

54
Q

What hormone is released in response to hypocalcemia?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

55
Q

What are the functions of PTH?

A

Decreases osteoid matrix synthesis by activating osteoblast receptors; increase bone turnover by secretion of osteoclast activating factors, which cause the differentiation of osteoclasts

56
Q

What hormone is released in response to hypercalcemia?

A

Calcitonin

MSCT (14 decks)

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