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Principles Anatomy > Bones and Fractures > Flashcards

Bones and Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the outer cortex of bone?

A

Dense, strong, heavy COMPACT (cortical) bone

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2
Q

What makes up the inner medulla of bone?

A

Porous, weaker, light SPONGY (trabecular/cancellous) bone

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3
Q

Where can bone marrow be found?

A

Inner medulla

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4
Q

What is the bone marrow the site if?

A

Red and white blood cell production

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5
Q

What is the fibrous connective tissue sleeve surrounding bone?

A

Periosteum

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6
Q

The periosteum is well vascularised, mainly supplying what?

A

Compact bone

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7
Q

Why are fractures so painful?

A

The periosteum which is very well innervated rips

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8
Q

What nutrient vessels are found in bone and what do they supply?

A

Artery and vein- supplying bone marrow, spongey bone and deep compact bone

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9
Q

What cartilage is found surrounding the top of a bone?

A

Hyaline (articular)

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10
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Process in which a small hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies

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11
Q

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

A

Long bones

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12
Q

What is the name for the bone shaft?

A

Diaphysis

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13
Q

When does bone growth stop?

A

When the growth plate of hyaline cartilage ossifies

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14
Q

What are examples of flat bones? What is their function?

A

Neurocranium and sternum- protective

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15
Q

What are tubular long bones?

A

Humerus, femur, phalanges

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16
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

Scapulae, vertebrae

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17
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone and where are they found?

A

Patella- within some tendons

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18
Q

What are examples of cuboidal bones?

A

Carpals, tarsals

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19
Q

What are the two features of the femur which make it more likely to fracture?

A

Less compact bone and a thin/angled structure

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20
Q

Where is the clavicle weakest?

A

Between the middle and lateral thirds

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21
Q

When do bony features develop?

A

Bone growth

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22
Q

How do bony features arise?

A

An adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone, moulding its shape accordingly

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23
Q

When forming bony features, the bone has to grow around the other structure, forming a what?

A

Foramen

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24
Q

What bony feature is found at the top of the humerus?

A

Greater tubercle

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25
What bony feature is found at the bottom of the radius?
Styloid process
26
What is found at the medial and inferior corner of the femur?
Femoral condoyle
27
What is found at the medial and lateral end of the tibia?
Medial malleolus
28
How is the floor of the cranial cavity divided?
Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa
29
What comprises the axial skeleton?
Bones of the skull, neck and trunk (chest, abdomen and back)
30
What comprises the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle (connect upper/lower limbs to axial skeleton) and bones of the upper and lower limb
31
What is the name for bones of the cranial vault?
neurocranium
32
What is the name for bones of the facial skeleton?
Viscerocranium
33
What suture can be seen when looking at the cranial vault from a left lateral view?
Coronal
34
What suture can be seen from looking at the cranial vault posteriorly?
Sagittal
35
The ? plate of the ? bone can be found in the frontal bone?
Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
36
What does the ethmoid bone do?
Separates the nasal cavity from the brain
37
Where does the spinal cord pass through the base of the skull?
Foramen magnum
38
What bone forms the prominence of the cheek?
Zygomatic bone
39
What is the bone above the mouth?
Maxilla
40
What is the bone below the mouth?
Mandible
41
What connects the midface to the sphenoid bone and is therefore always involved in LeFort fractures?
Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone
42
What can be a cause of a fracture to the angle of the mandible?
Impacted wisdom tooth
43
How many vertebrae are there in common and what are they split into?
``` 33 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused) 4 coccygeal (fused) ```
44
Vertebral bones become larger as they bear more weight, when do they get smaller again?
Once weight has transferred to hip bones
45
What parts of the vertebrae make primary curvatures?
Thoracic and sacro-coccygeal
46
What parts of the vertebrae make secondary curvatures?
Cervical and lumbar
47
What attaches to the spinous process?
Ligament and muscle
48
What attaches to the transverse process?
Ligament, muscle and rib articulations
49
What do the superior and inferior articular processes allow?
Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints
50
What does the vertebral arch do?
Protects the spinal cord
51
What are the two parts of the vertebral arch?
pedicle and lamina
52
What does the vertebral foramen do?
Transmits and protects the spinal cord
53
Where do intervertebral foramen form and what emerges through them?
Form between adjacent vertebrae and spinal nerves emerge through
54
Where are facet joints found?
Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae
55
The foramen in the transverse process (transverse foramen) allows passage of what?
Vertebral arteries
56
What is the specific name for C1?
Atlas
57
What is different about the atlas?
It doesn't have a spinous process or vertebral body- instead has posterior and anterior arch
58
What is the name for C2 and what does this uniquely possess?
Odontoid process (projects superiorly from body)
59
What is the vertebrae prominens?
C7- first palpable spinous process in many people
60
Why is rib 1 less likely to fractcure?
It is protected by the clavicle
61
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae and 2 clavicles
62
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones and sacrum

Principles Anatomy (7 decks)

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