Endocrine System

Question 1

Where are hormones released into?

Answer 1

Bloodstream

Question 2

How are the 2 ways that hormone negative feedback can go wrong?

Answer 2

• Target cell loses sensitivity to hormone

- Tumour suppresses endocrine gland and causes either too much or too little hormone

Question 3

What are the main glands in the head?

Answer 3

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Question 4

What are the main glands in the neck?

Answer 4

4 parathyroid and thyroid glands

Question 5

What are the main glands in the abdomen?

Answer 5

2 adrenal glands and the pancreas

Question 6

What are the main glands in the female pelvis?

Answer 6

2 ovaries

Question 7

What are the main glands in the male perineum?

Answer 7

2 testes

Question 8

What is the diencephalon?

Answer 8

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 9

Where is the pituitary gland found?

Answer 9

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

Question 10

What cranial bone contains organs of hearing and balance?

Answer 10

Temporal bones

Question 11

What does the infundibulum do?

Answer 11

Connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Question 12

What is the neurohypophysis?

Answer 12

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 13

The posterior pituitary gland is a continuation of what?

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Question 14

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 14

ADH and oxytocin

Question 15

What do releasing hormones from the hypothalamus do?

Answer 15

Stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release the appropriate hormone

Question 16

What do release-inhibitory hormones from the hypothalamus do?

Answer 16

Prevent the anterior pituitary gland from releasing its hormone

Question 17

What are some hormones (relative to what we have learnt) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 17

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone,

Question 18

What veins transport hypothalamic hormones?

Answer 18

Hypophyseal portal veins

Question 19

An enlarged thyroid gland is a goitre. What is a dietary factor which can cause this?

Answer 19

Lack of iodine

Question 20

What is used to manufacture T3 and T4 in the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

Iodine

Question 21

What thyroid hormone can we not live without?

Answer 21

T3

Question 22

What does parathyroid hormone control?

Answer 22

The amount of calcium in the blood and bone

Question 23

Is parathyroid hormone under pituitary control?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid?

Answer 24

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 25

What is the venous drainage from the thyroid?

Answer 25

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

Question 26

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal structure overlying which vertebra?

Answer 26

L1/L2

Question 27

What is the pancreas anterior to?

Answer 27

Aorta and IVC

Question 28

What is the pancreas posterior to?

Answer 28

Stomach

Question 29

What does the pancreas lie between?

Answer 29

Duodenum and spleen

Question 30

What is the arterial supply to the pancreas?

Answer 30

Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

Question 31

Where is the venous drainage from the pancreas to?

Answer 31

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein and into the hepatic portal vein

Question 32

Is the pancreas under the control of the pituitary gland?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

An exocrine glad secretes products where?

Answer 33

Into ducts- not directly into the bloodstream

Question 34

What type of structure are the adrenal glands and where are they found?

Answer 34

Retroperitoneal- on top of the kidneys

Question 35

What are the two anatomical and functional parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 35

Outer cortex and inner (adrenal) medulla

Question 36

What does the outer cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 36

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens

Question 37

Which of the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex is under pituitary control?

Answer 37

Glucocorticoids

Question 38

What hormones are released from the inner medulla?

Answer 38

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 39

What do glucocorticoids do?

Answer 39

Influence metabolic rate of proteins, fats and sugars

Question 40

What do mineralocorticoids do?

Answer 40

Regulate salt balance and impact on blood volume/pressure

Question 41

What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands?

Answer 41

Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries (on left and right)

Question 42

The middle suprarenal arteries are a branch of what?

Answer 42

Aorta

Question 43

What inferior suprarenal arteries are a branch of what?

Answer 43

Renal artery

Question 44

What is the venous drainage from the left and right adrenal glands and where do these drain to?

Answer 44

Left adrenal gland- left suprarenal vein which drains into the left renal Right adrenal gland- right suprarenal vein into IVC

Question 45

The inferior parts of the blood supply to the testis run within what?

Answer 45

Spermatic cord

Question 46

What do the testes secrete?

Answer 46

Testosterone

Question 47

What does testosterone control?

Answer 47

Male secondary sex characteristics Closure of epiphyseal growth plates Stimulate sperm

Question 48

What do ovaries produce?

Answer 48

Oestrogen and progesterone

Question 49

Do the testis and ovaries respond to the pituitary gland?

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

What does progesterone do?

Answer 50

Prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Question 51

What does oestrogen do?

Answer 51

Female secondary sex characteristics | Ovum development

Question 52

Where does the right gonad drain venous blood into?

Answer 52

IVC

Question 53

Where does the left gonad drain venous blood into?

Answer 53

Left renal vein