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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of neurones?

A

Sensory, motor, reflex, higher cortical function

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2
Q

What body structures involve voluntary motor function?

A

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What body structures involve involuntary motor function?

A

Smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle

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4
Q

What part of a neuron receives and conducts information towards the cell body?

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

What part of a neuron receives and conducts information away from the cell body?

A

Axons

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6
Q

Where in the neuron is the nucleus?

A

Body

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7
Q

The axon is a nerve fibre carrying what?

A

Action potentials

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8
Q

The axons of neurons are covered in what?

A

Myelin sheath to act as an insulator

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9
Q

What is the name for the nerve cell body in the CNS and PNS?

A 
CNS= nucleus
PNS= ganglion
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10
Q

What is the name for the bundles of axons in the CNS and PNS?

A 
CNS= tract
PNS= nerve
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11
Q

The central nervous system involves what?

A

Brain and the spinal cord

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12
Q

The peripheral nervous system involves what?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerve and autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

Afferent and efferent neurons are part of what nervous system?

A

Peripheral

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14
Q

Which of afferents and efferents are motor and which are sensory?

A

Afferent- sensory

Efferent- motor

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15
Q

Where do afferent neurons take signals?

A

Towards the CNS

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16
Q

Where do efferent neurons take signals?

A

Away from the CNS

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17
Q

What nervous system are interneurons part of and what is their function?

A

CNS- create circuits

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18
Q

What are synapses?

A

The site of chemical connection between two or more neurones

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19
Q

What happens to an electrical signal (AP) at a synapse?

A

It becomes a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) and then reverts back to an electrical signal

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20
Q

What nervous system supplies the body wall and external environment?

A

Somatic nervous system

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21
Q

What nerve system supplies the limbs?

A

Somatic nervous system

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22
Q

What nervous system supplies glands?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

The floor of the cranial cavity is split into what?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa

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24
Q

What lobes correspond to the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobe

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25
What lobes correspond to the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal lobe
26
What lobes correspond to the posterior cranial fossa?
Occipital (and cerebellum)
27
Where does the spinal cord pass through the base of the skull?
Foramen magnum
28
When does the brainstem become the spinal cord?
After it passes through the foramen magnum
29
From superior to inferior, what are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla
30
After passing through the foramen magnum, where does the spinal cord pass through?
Vertebral canal
31
How many segments of the spinal cord are there? What are these?
``` 4: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral/Coccygeal ```
32
What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?
Cervical and lumbosacral
33
How many bilateral pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
34
Where does the spinal cord end?
Conus medullaris at L1/2
35
Where is grey matter found?
Outer area at the cerebral cortex of the brain
36
What is grey matter full of?
Cell bodies
37
Where is white matter found?
Inner area of the brain
38
What does the white matter contain?
Many axons which are myelinated
39
In the spinal cord, the grey and white matter are found where?
Grey- inner | White- outer
40
The dorsal grey horn (closer to posterior) of the grey matter in the spinal cord contains what cell bodies?
Sensory
41
The ventral grey horn (closer to anterior) of the grey matter in the spinal cord contains what cell bodies?
Motor
42
The cranial and spinal nerves are both what type of nerves?
Somatic
43
Cranial nerve I?
Olfactory- S
44
Cranial nerve II?
Optic- S
45
Cranial nerve III?
Occulomotor- M
46
Cranial nerve IV?
Trochlear- M
47
Cranial nerve V?
Trigeminal- B
48
Cranial nerve VI?
Abducent- M
49
Cranial nerve VII?
Facial- B
50
Cranial nerve VIII?
Vestibulocochlear- S
51
Cranial nerve X!?
Glossopharyngeal- B
52
Cranial nerve X?
Vagus- B
53
Cranial nerve XI?
Spinal accessory- M
54
Cranial nerve XII?
Hypoglossal- M
55
What are the 3 special sensory cranial nerves?
Optic, olfactory and vestibulocochlear
56
CNs VI, VII and VIII enter the brain where?
Pontomedullary junction
57
Where do CNs III and IV enter the brain?
Midbrain
58
Where does CNV enter the brain?
Pons
59
Where do CNs IX, X and XII enter the brain?
Medulla
60
Where does CNXI enter the brain?
Spinal cord
61
In spinal nerves, are the posterior rootlets sensory, motor or mixed?
Sensory
62
In spinal nerves, are the anterior rootlets sensory, motor or mixed?
Motor
63
In spinal nerves, are the posterior rami sensory, motor or mixed?
Mixed
64
In spinal nerves, are the anterior rami sensory, motor or mixed?
Mixed
65
Spinal nerves are only located where?
Intervertebral foramina
66
Spinal nerves are named according to the vertebrae ? it, apart from in the ? region where they are named by the vertebrae ? it
Spinal nerves are named according to the vertebrae above it, apart from in the cervical region where they are named by the vertebrae below it
67
Which region of the spine contains an extra spinal nerve over its number of vertebrae?
Cervical (7 vertebrae, 8 spinal nerves)
68
Does the anterior or posterior ramus of a spinal nerve supply the limbs?
Anterior- via a plexus
69
Where does the T4 dermatome lie?
Male nipple
70
Where does the T10 dermatome lie?
Umbilicus
71
What are nerve plexuses?
Networks of intertwined anterior rami
72
What makes up the cervical plexus and what does it supply?
C1-4 anterior rami- posterior scalp, neck wall, diaphragm
73
What makes up the brachial plexus and what does it supply?
C5-T1 anterior rami- upper limb
74
What makes up the lumbar plexus and what does it supply?
L1-L4 anterior rami- lower limb
75
What makes up the sacral plexus and what does it supply?
L5-S4 anterior rami- lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
76
Where do sympathetic nerves originate from?
Autonomic centres of the brain
77
Sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord with what spinal nerves?
T1-L2 (thoracolumbar)
78
What do sympathetic nerves travel to?
Sympathetic chains
79
What do sympathetic nerves need to pass into before they can supply organs?
Splanchnic nerves
80
How do all parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?
Via cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves (cranio-sacral)
81
What supplies all of the organs in the neck, chest and abdomen with parasympathetic axons?
Vagus nerve
82
What carries parasympathetic axons to the hindgut, pelvis and perineum?
Sacral spinal nerves
83
What is the sensory innervation of the body wall?
Somatic sensory
84
What is the sensory innervation of the organs?
Visceral afferents
85
What is the sensory innervation of the special sensory organs?
Special sensory nerves
86
What is the motor innervation of the body wall?
Somatic motor
87
What is the motor innervation of all organs (inc. special sensory)?
Autonomic
88
What are the sensations felt by the body wall?
Touch, vibration, proprioception, temperature, pain
89
What will somatic (body wall) pain feel like?
Sharp, stabbing and well localised
90
How long is the somatic pathway for touch?
3 neurones
91
What is the primary somatosensory area of the brain?
Parietal lobe (left)
92
Which of upper and lower somatic motor neurones originate on the opposite side from the movement and which on the same side?
Upper motor neurones- originates opposite side | Lower motor neurones- originate same side
93
Where do upper somatic motor neurones cross over to the side corresponding to the movement?
Brainstem
94
Where do lower somatic motor neurones connect?
Skeletal muscle
95
What is the primary somatomotor area of the brain?
Left frontal lobe
96
What does paralysed mean?
A muscle without a functioning lower motor neurone- this cannot contract
97
What would a paralysed muscle show on examination?
Reduced tone
98
What does spasticity mean?
Muscle has an in tact and working lower motor neurone but the descending control from the brain isn't working
99
What would a spastic muscle show on examination?
Increased tone
100
Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
101
What are sensory neurones to organs known as?
Visceral afferents
102
What are the motor neurones to organs known as?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
103
How is visceral pain described?
Dull and achy, poorly localised
104
Visceral afferents commonly travel with what?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
105
What does the sympathetic division of the ANS supply?
All internal organs, body wall organs and arterioles
106
What is the name for sympathetic innervation of arterioles?
Sympathetic tone
107
What is the relative size of the pre and post ganglionic sympathetic neuron?
Short preganglionic and long postganglionic
108
Where does the sympathetic trunk run?
Parallel to the vertebral column
109
Postganglionic sympathetic axons to the foregut, midgut and hindgut organs come from where?
Prevertebral ganglia
110
What does the parasympathetic division NOT supply?
Body wall organs or arterioles
111
What is the relative size of the pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic neuron?
Long preganglionic and short postganglionic

Principles Anatomy (7 decks)

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