Bones and Joints

Question 1

What type of tissue is Cartilage?

Answer 1

Connective Tissue

Question 2

What cells are found in cartilage and what do they do?

Answer 2

Chondroblasts

Chondrocytes - produce type II collagen and elastin

Question 3

What are the types of cartilage?

Answer 3

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastin

Question 4

What type of cartilage makes up the pubic synphysis and intervertbral dics?

Answer 4

Fibrous

Question 5

What type is found on the external of the ear? and epiglottis?

Answer 5

Elastic cartilage

Question 6

What are the main cells of bone?

Answer 6

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

Question 7

What do Osteoblasts secrete?

Answer 7

Type I collagen 
Osteocalcin 
Osteopontin 
Osteonectin 
Alkaline Phosphotase

Question 8

What to Osteoclast secrete? and how do they prevent these from being released into surrounding space?

Answer 8

Hydrogen ions
Proteolytic enzymes
Cathspine K

Ruffled borders

Question 9

What is the inorganic part of the bone called? and what percentage of the overall bone make up does it contribute to?

Answer 9

Hydroxyapatite - 70%

Question 10

What is compact bone composed of?

Answer 10

Harverian systems and lamellae bone.

Question 11

What are the transverse canals called through the harverian system?

Answer 11

Volkmanns canals

Question 12

What is the space that Osteocytes reside in?

Answer 12

Lucunae

Question 13

What type of junction do Osteocytes form?

Answer 13

GAP

Question 14

What type of bone is in the centre of the Long bones?

Answer 14

Cancellous Bone

Question 15

What structure does cancellous bone make?

Answer 15

Trabecular structure

Question 16

What is the main artery name to the bone?

Answer 16

Nutrient bone

Question 17

What are the types of bone?

Answer 17

Long, short, flat, irregular

Question 18

What is the organic part of bone called?

Answer 18

Osteoid

Question 19

What is the Osteiod made up of?

Answer 19

Collagen type I - 90%

Ground Substance - 10% - Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin Sulphate and Keratan Sulphate

Question 20

What is the function of the Osteiod?

Answer 20

Tensile strength

Flexibility

Question 21

What is a major activator of bone absorption?

Answer 21

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 22

What type of joint are fibrous joints?

Answer 22

Synarthrosis

Question 23

What are the types of fibrous joints? and exmaples

Answer 23

Suture - Cranial
Syndesmosis - radial/ulna interroroues membrane
Gomphosis - peridontal joint

Question 24

What type of joint is Cartilaginous joint?

Answer 24

Amphiarthrosis

Question 25

What are the types of cartilaginous joints? and exmaples?

Answer 25

Synchondrosis - metaphyseal plate | Synphysis - pubic synphysis & sternomanubrium joint

Question 26

The articular cartilage of the synovial joints is made up of what and in what order?

Answer 26

Synovial Membrane - inside | Fibrous Membrane -

Question 27

What do resident osteocytes secrete to inhibit WNT from activating Osteoprogenitor cells?

Answer 27

Sclerostin

Question 28

What is the Bone remodelling cycle stages?

Answer 28

Quiescent stage Osteoclast activity Reversal stage Osteoblast activity Bone Ministration

Question 29

What are the layers of the endrochondral growth plates? and what growth factors stimulate proliferation?

Answer 29

Resting chondrocytes Proliferating zone Hypertrophy zone Calcification zone Zone of ossification Hedgehod IGF-1

Question 30

What are the two ways bone develops?

Answer 30

Endochondral ossification - mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts and produce a hyaline cartilage model. this is then replaced with bone tissue Intramembranous ossification - the direct ossification of mesenchymal cells

Question 31

How many parathyroid glands are there and what cells secrete PTH?

Answer 31

4 glands on the thyroid. Chief cells.

Question 32

List 4 uses of calcium in the body

Answer 32

Blood clotting Muscle contraction Nerve excitation Cardiac muscle contraction