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Reproductive/ Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the prostate?

A

An exocrine muscular gland surrounding the male urethra

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2
Q

What is the Seminal Gland?

A

An exocrine gland which the Vas Deferens passes through

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3
Q

What is secreted by the Prostate Gland? and what does it include?

A

Prostatic secretions:

  • Prostate Specific Antigen - liquefies sperm
  • Prostasomes
  • Acid Phosphatase - when activated by H+ ions cleaves other substances to produce further energy
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4
Q

What is secreted by Seminal Glands?

A

accounts for 60% of overall semen.

  • Fructose - for energy
  • Prostagladins - to initiate smooth muscle contraction in the cervix
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5
Q

What stimulates the production of somites?

A

NOTCH

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6
Q

What is released that stimulates the differentiation of somites?

A

FGF-8

WNT3a

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7
Q

What growth factors stimulate the activation of muscle specific genes?

A

WNT

BMP4

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8
Q

What are the specific muscle genes switched on by WNT and BMP4 which promote the cell to differentiate into muscle cells.

A

MYOD

MYF5

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9
Q

What branch of the myotome cells migrate to produce the limbs?

A

Abaxial/ Hypaxial

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10
Q

What transcription factor is responsible for the production of tendon?

A

Scleraxis

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11
Q

What weeks does limb formation take place?

A

5-8

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12
Q

What promotes the direction of the limb formation - to grow outwards.

A

Apical Ectoderm Ridge

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13
Q

What is released by tge AER to prevent differentiation of the mesenchymal cells?

A

FGF-4

FGF - 8

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14
Q

What is the dorsal ridge of the mesoderm on the limb forming called?

A

Radical Fringe

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15
Q

What is the ventral ridge of the mesoderm on the limb forming called?

A

Engrailed

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16
Q

What growth factors are released from the mesoderm to promote the proliferation of the mesenchymal cells?

A

FGF-10

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17
Q

What genes control the differentiation of the limb whilst it forms?

A

HOX genes - 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

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18
Q

What protein is responsible for the production of chondrocytes from the mesenchymal cells?

A

Bone Morphogenic Protein - BMP

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19
Q

What Week does the neural tube fold?

A

Week 4

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20
Q

What week does the heart form?

A

Week 4

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21
Q

What week does ossification start?

A

Week 8

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22
Q

What is the part of the fetal placenta called?

A

Chorion Frondosum

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23
Q

What is the part of the maternal placenta called?

Study These Flashcards
A

Decidua Basalis

24
Q

What day does the placenta begin to develop?

25
What day/weekdoes the primary villi of the chorionic form?
Day 14, week 2/3
26
When is the tertiary chorionic villi formed?
Day 27/ End of week 3.
27
What deformity can tetracyclines lead to?
Calcium deposits and loss of enamel
28
What are the defects of Stretomycin in embryology?
Inner ear infection
29
What is the protozoan parasitic infection of worry during pregnancy?
Toxoplasmosis Gondii
30
During neuropore closure, is the concentration of Sonic Hedgehog higher or lower at the anterior neuropore? and what is the outcome of this?
SH protein is expressed in higher quantities at the anterior neuropore. As a result there is increased suppression of Noggin. Which thus increases the levels of BMP4. inhibiting the lateral hinge point formation
31
At which month of fetal development do the testes decent out of the abdomen?
7th month
32
What tubules produce sperm?
Seminferous tubules
33
What is the most common type of testicular cancer?
Germ cell tumours
34
Through which passage would a tumour from the prostate spread to the brain?
Vertebrae venous plexus of Batson
35
What is the name of the structure that is the intermediate from epidymitis to the Vas deferens
Rete Testi
36
What factor is not involved in early cardiac tissue development?
MYOD
37
What tissue does the heart originate from?
Splanchinic mesoderm
38
What factor is responsible for the production of smooth muscle?
Serum response factor
39
What is the morula?
Ball of totipotent cells, the result of cleavage
40
In the placenta, what are the transporters of glucose, amino acids, vitamins and amino acids called?
Hexoses
41
What is Human Chorionic Somatomammatropin?
A hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts that gives the fetus priority to glucose. `
42
What is Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin hormone?
A hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts, that is produced from implantation onward. It reduces the corpus luteum in the mother. This is the hormone used in the detection of pregnancy.
43
When does the yolk sac disappear?
week 20
44
Name three sets of smooth muscle that do not derive from the mesoderm?
Pupillary muscles, mamary glands and sweat glands
45
What signals inhibit BMP4?
Chordin and Noggin
46
Define induction relationship
It involves two sets of cells. - Inductors - Responders The inductors send out signal which cause a a change to cellular activity of the responders. e.g Cells sending Gf's to activate other cells.
47
What does HcG do during early pregnancy?
Maintains progesterone levels by maintain the [corpus luteum] to keep producing progesterone
48
What is the function of progesterone during pregnancy?
Maintains the lining and integrity of the uterus. Stops the release of another egg. i.e. menstrual cycle
49
What T-BOX gene regulators differentiate the upper limb from the lower limb during development?
Upper Limb: T-BOX - 5 Lower Limb: T-BOX - 4 and PITX1
50
What are the mechanisms which control folding of the neural tube?
Median Hinge Point Dorsal Lateral Hinge Points Intrinsic cell shape - microtubule shape Neural crest cells migration Extrinsic folding of the fetus
51
What controls the rate of limb growth?
Age of mesoderm. Not the ectoderm. Transplantation of an old ectoderm onto a young mesoderm will continue to grow
52
What are the three compartments of limb growth?
stylopod > Zeugopod > Autopod
53
What day is digit separation complete?
Day 56
54
What week is there primary ossification centres in the bone?
Week 12
55
What is the mass on the ventral of the neural tube called and what signals promote its development?
Floor plate. Sonic Hedgehog
56
What inhibits smoothened molecule from carrying down stream signalling?
Patched
57
What can result if there is only one copy of SHH?
Holoprosencephaly

Medicine (33 decks)

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