G.I

Question 1

What are the layers of the GI tract walls?

Answer 1

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

Question 2

What is the mucosa made up of?

Answer 2

Epithelial Cell
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosa

Question 3

What Governing Neurological system controls the GI?

Answer 3

Enteric Nervous system

Question 4

What is the Enteric Nervous System divided into?

Answer 4

Myenteric System

Submucosal Plexus

Question 5

What does the Myenteric System predominately control?

Answer 5

GI motility

Question 6

What does the Submucosal predominately control?

Answer 6

Sensory information of the lumen

Control of blood flow to the GI

Secretions of the epithelial cells.

Question 7

What is the average amount of saliva produced daily?

Answer 7

1000mL

Question 8

What is the average amount of Gastric Secretion daily?

Answer 8

1500mL

Question 9

What is the average amount of Small Intestinal secretion daily?

Answer 9

2000mL

Question 10

What is the function of Saliva?

Answer 10

Anti-bacteria properties - antibodies, lysosomes

Beginning of Carbohydrate Digestion

Starts a limited role in fat digestion

Allows for taste to work

Without it, thirst results

Keeps mouth moistened, helping for speech

Question 11

What is released in the Mouth that aid towards carbohydrate to break down? and what bonds does it break down?

Answer 11

Salivary Amylase

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 12

What is the function of Gastric Acid?

Answer 12

Breakdown of connective tissue

Denaturing of proteins

Activates Pepsin

Protection

Solublises calcium ions

Question 13

What zymogens are secreted by the pancreas?

Answer 13

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Carboxypepidase

Elastase

Phospholipases

Question 14

What enzymes are released from the pancreas?

Answer 14

Pancreatic Lipases

Lipase

Ribonuclease

Deoxyribonuclease

Question 15

What does panceatic lipase break?

Answer 15

Breaks positions 1 & 3 fatty acids on glycerol

Question 16

What stimulates the release of Alkaline from the pancreas?

Answer 16

CCK

Question 17

What is the product of emulsification by the bile salts?

Answer 17

Micelles

Question 18

What are the cells on the small intestine called that carry out the absorption?

Answer 18

Entrocytes

Question 19

What enzymes are found on the brush border of the entrocytes?

Answer 19

Peptidases

Maltase

Lactase

Sucrase

Question 20

What is Maltose made up of?

Answer 20

2 x Glucose

Question 21

What is Lactose made up of?

Answer 21

Galactose and Glucose

Question 22

What is sucrose made up of?

Answer 22

Fructose and Glucose

Question 23

What are the broad processes of absorption?

Answer 23

Active
Facilitated
Passive

Question 24

What lipoprotein is produced in the entrocyte and passed into the lymph system?

Answer 24

Chylomicrons

Question 25

What happens to the non absorbed carbohydrate in the large intestines?

Answer 25

Fermentation by gut flora which releases fatty acids.

Question 26

What branch of the aorta supplies the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder and 1st 1/2 of duedonum

Answer 26

Cilieac branch

Question 27

What does the super mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 27

2nd 1/2 of duedomum all the way to 1/2 transverse colon.

Question 28

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 28

2nd 1/2 transverse colon, down to anus

Question 29

What are the folds in the stomach called?

Answer 29

Rugae

Question 30

What are the endocrine secretions of the pancreas?

Answer 30

Insulin, Glucagon and Somatostatin

Question 31

What makes the colon distinctive?

Answer 31

Taenia Coli - incompletely muscle Haustra - Ring like circular muscles

Question 32

What prevents Gastro reflux?

Answer 32

Lower Esophageal sphincter

Question 33

What do the endocrine cells of the stomach produce and what is its function?

Answer 33

Gastrin. Stimulates the release of: 1. pepsinogen 2. HCl Activates gut motility

Question 34

Where do pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum? what sphincter controls this?

Answer 34

Duodenal Papilla through which the Ampulla of Vader secretes through Sphincter of oddi

Question 35

What epithelial tissue is present in the Small intestines?

Answer 35

Simple Columnar

Question 36

What artery supplies the Gall bladder?

Answer 36

Cystic artery

Question 37

What are the transporters of amino acids into the entrocytes called, and what drives there movement?

Answer 37

PepT1 Driven by swapping for H+ ions

Question 38

What lipases are released to break triglycerides during fat metabolism, and where are they released?

Answer 38

Lingual Lipase - salivary glands Gastric Lipase - stomach Pancreas lipase - duodenum

Question 39

Where are Brunner's Glands found and what is their function?

Answer 39

Duedonum Secrete alkaline solution to neutralise acid from the stomach

Question 40

What bacteria is most likely to cause gastic ulceration?

Answer 40

Helicobacter pylori

Question 41

What are Paneth cells?

Answer 41

The a granular cells in the small intestine that release enzymes

Question 42

What is the main function of the duedonum?

Answer 42

Digestion

Question 43

What is the main function of the Ilium?

Answer 43

Absorption

Question 44

What are the enzymes on the brush border called that break down carbohydrates?

Answer 44

Lactase Maltase Isomaltase/ Sucrase

Question 45

What enzyme in the duodeneum activates the trypsinogen to trypsin?

Answer 45

Enteropeptidase

Question 46

What are the stages of digestion

Answer 46

Cephalic Phase - Perpetration for food. Intiated by ACh release by the sight and smell of food. - Vagus controls Gastric phase - longest phase - gastrin ACh activate release of stomach enzymes Intestinal Phase - presence of chyme in the duodenum - CCK production. Which also inhibits Gastric secretion

Question 47

What protective measures are in place to prevent damage to the stomach from the acid and pepsin?

Answer 47

Mucus secretion from the neck cells - prostaglandins stimulate production Release of Bicarbonate near the surface of the mucus - neutralises acid - reduces the effectiveness of pepsin Tight junctions around the gastric cells. - restrict any movement