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Anatomy - Year 1 > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of bones

A

support, protection, mineral store and blood formation

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2
Q

what types of bones are there

A

flat, sutural, short, irregular, sesamoid and long

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3
Q

what are the components of bones

A 
compact v spongey 
blood vessels
medullary cavity
bone marrow
membranes - periosteum (outside) + endostium
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4
Q

what is the structure of compact/cortical bone

A

circular structures - osteons/ haversian system
central haversian canal
horizontal perforating/volkamanns canals
osteocytes and concentric rings of bone matrix (lamellae) around haversian canal

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5
Q

what are the components of osteons

A

central haversian canal
rings of lamella bone
osteocytes

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6
Q

what is the structure of spongey/trabecular bone

A

less dense than compact bone, porous
network of lamellated trabeculae filled w bone marrow
no haversian system

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7
Q

what cells are bones composed of

A

osteoclasts
osteoblasts
osteocytes

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8
Q

what is in the ECM of bones

A 
hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate)
collagen (type 1)
water
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9
Q

what is the function of hydroxyapatite

A

makes bone stiff + able to support structures

high strength under compression

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10
Q

what is the function of collagen

A

gives bone flexibility + reduce risk of fracture

high strength under tension

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11
Q

how is bone a dynamic tissue

A
  • fracture healing

- mechanical adaptation

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12
Q

what are osteoclasts, describe them and function

A

large multinucleated cells derived from haematopoietic stem cells
found on bone surface
function - resorb bone matrix
ruffled border - releases acid to dissolve bone matrix
howship’s lacunae - resorption pits

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13
Q

what are osteoblasts

A 
immature bone cells created from osteopregenitor cells in peri and endosteum 
function - produce bone matrix = osteoid and initiate calcification
become osteocytes once surrounded by matrix

(on outisde in histology)

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14
Q

whats the function of osteoblasts

A

produce bone matrix = osteoid and initiate calcification

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15
Q

whats the function of osteoclasts

A

resorb bone matrix

ruffled border - releases acid to dissolve bone matrix

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16
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells found inside lacunae

numerous processes lying in canaliculi

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17
Q

what are canaliculi

A

connect lacunae to eachother allow communication between cells

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18
Q

describe the ECM for bones

A

minerals, collagen and water
strongly cross-linked & large ‘gaps’ within fibres
gaps provide space fro crystals

19
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

resorption > formation

20
Q

what is pagets disease

A

increased resorption/formation

21
Q

osteopetrosis

A

decreased resorption

22
Q

what is bone mass controlled by

A

genes and environment

23
Q

what is ossification

A

bone formation

24
Q

what are the 2 types of ossification

A

endochondral

intramembranous

25
Q

explain endochondral ossification

A 
bone forms as cartilage model first 
blood vessels invade cartilage 
cartilage replaced w bone 
cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate 
growth plate eventually ossifies
26
Q

explain intramembranous ossification

A

no cartilage model
mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts that deposit bone
residual mesechymal cells develop bv and marrow

this occurs in adult bone also

27
Q

what are the two types of bone growth

A

appositional and interstitial

28
Q

what is appositional growth

A

bone grows in thickness, transverse plane

29
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

bone grows in length

30
Q

what is a joint

A

union between 2 or more rigid components (bone or cartilage)

articulation

31
Q

what types of joints are there

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

32
Q

what are fibrous joints and examples

A 
dense fibrous connective tissue
high tensile strength
little movement 
cranial structures
periodontal ligament (teeth)
interosseus membranes, between bones
33
Q

what are cartilaginous joints and what types are there

A

layers of cartilage

sychondroses (primary) and symphyses (secondary)

34
Q

describe synchrondroses joint

A

allow for bone growth (endochondral ossification)
disappear in adults
no movement
- hyaline cartilage

35
Q

describe symphyses joint

A 
secondary cartilaginous
doesnt ossify w age
found in midline of body 
limited movement
e.g. in vertebrae
36
Q

what are synovial joints, name their common features

A 
greatest movement 
fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
articular cartilage 
synovial cavity
37
Q

what are the types of synovial joints

A 
hinge
pivot 
ellipsoid 
ball and socket 
plane 
saddle
38
Q

what affects joint stability

A

shape of joint surfaces
fibrous capsule and ligaments
muscles

39
Q

Which part of synovial joints produces the synovial fluid and whats it purpose

A

synovial membrane - reduces friction between the articular cartilages during movement

40
Q

why are flexion and extension opposite in arm and e

A

due to limb rotation in development of child
upper limb - lateral rotation
lower limn - medial rotation + more rotation

41
Q

why is limb rotation and evolutionary process important

A

more efficient weight bearing and locomotion

42
Q

joints have rich blood + nerve supply, what is common around joints

A

anastomoses (joining of vessels)

blood flow can take alternative routes if a vessel is blocked

43
Q

what is hiltons law

A

the nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a certain joint, also innervates this joint

44
Q

what colour is the densest material in a CT scan

A

white

Anatomy - Year 1 (10 decks)

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