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Anatomy - Year 1 > Skin and Tissue > Flashcards

Skin and Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is keratinisation

A

organic process by keratin is deposited in cells and these become horny as in dead skin, nails and hair

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2
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer

reticular layer

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3
Q

what is the papillary layer

A

1st layer of dermis
loose connective tissue
cellular
protective against pathogens

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4
Q

what is the reticular layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue
fibrous
collagen bundles in 3 planes
elastic fibres

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5
Q

what tissues does skin consist of

A

epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve

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6
Q

what are epidermal cells termed

A

keratinocytes

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7
Q

whats the function of the dermis

A

maintains epidermis w blood flow
body cooling
uv protection
immune surveillance

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8
Q

What’s the hypodermis?

A

adipose (fatty) layer beneath skin

subcutaneous tissue, anchors skin to underlying structures

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9
Q

what is the epithelial

A

The tissue covering and protects the body surface and internal organs
stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

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10
Q

what are the 4 types of epidermal cells

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells

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11
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

epidermal cells, contain keratin, resistant to abrasion, extrude lipids
constantly dividing, self regeneration protect from trauma

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12
Q

what are melanocytes

A

epidermal cells, pigment formation

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13
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Specialised dendritic cells found in the skin

immune surveillance

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14
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

touch receptors

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15
Q

what are the epidermal layers

A

(superficial) stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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16
Q

Where does skin colour come from and what layer of the epidermis is it in?

A

melanin - protects agaisnt UV
melanocytes
in stratum. germinativum

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17
Q

explain hair

A

it is NOT thermoregulatory in humans
practical use in skin repair
from epithelial layer

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18
Q

explain the origin of hair follicles

A 
from epidermis in utero 
downgrowth of epithelial cells 
invasion of knot of blood vessels
growth of hair
continuity with layers of epidermis
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19
Q

describe hair follicle structure

A

hair + sheath
- arrector pilli muscles: attached to follicle root and base epidermis
follicle at angle
hair straightens when muscle contracts

  • sebaceous glands: between follicle and arrector pilli muscle
    secretes sebum
    in DERMIS
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20
Q

explain nails

A

strong plate of hard keratin , grows out of nail bed
nail plate analogous to stratum corneum
eponychium
hyponchium

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21
Q

what is the eponychium and its function

A

cuticle, thickened layer of skin around nail

protect skin from exposure to bacteria

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22
Q

what is the hyponchium

A

thickened portion of epithelium underlying free edge of the nail plate on the nail

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23
Q

what are the type of skin glands

A

sebaceous - hair + sebum

2 types of sweat glands

  • eccrine (everywhere)
  • apocrine (pubic areas, arm pit)

all in dermis

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24
Q

explain eccrine sweat glands

A 
simple tubular glands
in dermis 
coiled secretory portion 
coiled and straight ducts in dermis 
spiral channels in epidermis
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25
Q

how does thermoregulation happen in the skin

A

through sweat glands +

blood vessel dilation (absorption and radiation)

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26
Q

what are the sensory nerve ending in the skin

A

meissner’s corpuscles - light touch, fingertips
paccinian corpuscles - vibration and pressure
pain receptors
thermoreceptors

27
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue

A

epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve

28
Q

whats the function of the epidermis

A

covers surfaces
cells connected
separates compartments
forms glands

29
Q

what are examples of connective tissue

A

blood, bone, adipose tissue

30
Q

describe muscle tissue and 3 types

A

contractile
long thin cells
skeletal, cardiac and smooth

31
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

striated, highly ordered

32
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

striated, branched

33
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

non-striated
randomly ordered.
one nucleus per cell

34
Q

function of nervous tissue?

A

communication

receives, generates and transmits electrical signals.

35
Q

describe neurone structure

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon
terminals

36
Q

how does epithelial tissue connect cells

A

no contact inhibition
cell - cell junctions
cell - ECM junctions

37
Q

what are desmosomes

A 
adhering junctions 
function - firm anchorage
38
Q

what are tight junctions

A

occluding junctions

- seals intercellular spaces

39
Q

what are gap junctions

A

communicating junctions

cell - cell communication

40
Q

what is the basement membrane and what does it consist of

A

layer of proteins, separates epithelium from lamina propia

made up of basal lamina and reticular lamina

41
Q

what are some cell-ecm junctions

A

hemidesmosomes

42
Q

what is cilia

A

epithelium secondary roles - movement

43
Q

what is microvilli

A

epithelium secondary roles – absorption

44
Q

whats the difference between simple and stratified epithelium

A

simple - one cell thick

stratified - more than 1 layer

45
Q

what are the types of epithelium structure

A

squamous, cuboidal and columnar

46
Q

what are glands

A

collections of secretory epithelial cells
single or multicellular
exocrine or endocrine

47
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

secrete into blood

48
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

secrete into tubes

49
Q

what types of exocrine glands to you get

A

simple - tubular and acinar
compound - tubuloacinar
mucous and serous glands

50
Q

what r mucous glands

A

secretion rich in proteoglycans

secretion + water = mucus

51
Q

what are serous glands

A

watery, enzymes

protein rich secretion

52
Q

what are the methods of exocrine secretion

A
  • diffuse through cells
  • pinched off portion of cell
  • disintegrating cell and its contents
53
Q

what are myoepithelial cells

A

they expel the secretions of exocrine glands

54
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A

secretes growth hormone

can over produce and under produce

55
Q

where is adipose tissue found

A

in bone marrow + mesenteric fat around intestines

56
Q

what fibres are there in the ECM in connective tissue

A

collagen and elastin

57
Q

what are the types of collagen

A

Type 1 - tendons
type 3 - reticulin
type 4 - in basal lamina

58
Q

explain elastic fibres

A 
protein elastin
stretch 1.5 times resting length 
microfibrils and amorphous component 
found in sheets 
yellow colour (aorta)
59
Q

what are the components of the ECM in connective tissue

A

fibres
ground substance - like jelly
tissue fluid

60
Q

whats in the ground substance

A

semi-solid gel
proteoglycans
hyaluronic acid
glycoproteins

61
Q

what types of connective tissue are there

A

loose
dense regular
dense irregular

62
Q

describe loose connective tissue

A 
permanent (fixed) cells
fibroblasts
macrophages
adipcytes
mast cells

transient cells - wbc

63
Q

what are the layers of the skin

A

epidermis and dermis

64
Q

whats the function of the epidermis

A

prevents water loss by evaporation

Anatomy - Year 1 (10 decks)

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