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Anatomy - Year 1 > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thoracic inlet bound by

A

The first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly
The first pair of ribs laterally.
The costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly

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2
Q

what is the thoracic outlet bound by

A

12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly.
11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally.
Costal cartilages of ribs 7 through 10 and xiphisternal joint anteriorly.

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3
Q

what is the sternal angle and where

A

between manubrium and body of sternum
T4/5 vertebrae
4th intervertebral disc

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4
Q

what is in between ribs

A

intercostal muscles

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5
Q

what parts are in the sternum

A

manubrium - jugular notch

  • body
  • xiphoid, T10 vertebrae, rib 7
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6
Q

at what vertebral level is the xiphoid

A

T10 vertebrae, rib 7

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7
Q

what joint is between the clavicle and clavicle notch on sternum

A

saddle joint

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8
Q

what ribs are true ribs

A

1-7 rib - true ribs, connected to sternum

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9
Q

what type of ribs are ribs 8-10

A

false ribs, indirectly connected

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10
Q

what type of ribs are ribs 11 and 12

A

floating ribs, not connected to sternum

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11
Q

what joint is between the costal cartilage of ribs and sternum

A

synovial joint

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12
Q

what joint is between the ribs and vertebrae

A

plain synovial joint

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13
Q

describe the 1st rib and how many facets does it have

A

broad and flat
has 1 articular facet to attach w vertebral bodies
grooves for subclavian artery and vein

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14
Q

what does the head of the rib bind to

A

Head binds to body of vertebrae - synovial plane joint

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15
Q

what does the tubercle of the rib bind to

A

Tubercle binds w transverse process of vertebrae

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16
Q

how many articular facets do the ribs have (apart from 1st)

A

2 articular facets

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17
Q

what happens to the thoracic cavity on inspiration

A

transverse diameter increases ‘pump handle’ ‘bucket handle’ upwards and outwards

  • diaphragm contracts + inc size of lung
  • on forceful - need external intercostals and accessory muscles
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18
Q

what muscles are used on forceful expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles + abdominal muscles used

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19
Q

what are the intercostal muscles innervated by

A

innervated by ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerve

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20
Q

what are the layers of intercostal muscle and their orientation

A

1) superficial layer, external intercostal muscle. Inferior anterior
2) internal intercostal - inferior posterior orientated
3) innermost intercostal, orientated ^^

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21
Q

whats in the costal groove

A

neuromuscular bundles, intercostal vein + artery + nerve (VAN) between internal and innermost muscles

collateral branches

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22
Q

where is costal groove

A

between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

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23
Q

what is the intercostal muscles drained by

A

Drained by azygous vein into SVC

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24
Q

what supplies the thoracic wall

A

posterior and anterior intercostal arteries (branch from internal thoracic artery - subclavian artery) and branches from axillary arteries

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25
Q

what drains the thoracic wall

A

azygous vein
hemiazygous accessory
internal thoracic veins

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26
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the right side of the thoracic wall

A

Right lymphatic duct -> internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein

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27
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the left side of the thoracic wall

A

thoracic duct -> internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

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28
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the left side of the breast

A

Breast -> axillary lymph node -> parasternal LN -> abdominal LN

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29
Q

how is the mediastinum divided

A

superior
inferior: anterior, middle, posterior

divides at sternal angle

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30
Q

what are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A

to lumber vertebrae
Costal cartilage on ribs 7-12
xiphoid process of sternum

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31
Q

what is the central attachment of the diaphragm

A

to central tendon

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32
Q

what innervates the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve supply C3-5,
motor (from inferior surface)
sensory (supplies central part

peripheral part of diaphragm innervated by sensory fibres of intercostal nerves, T7-T12

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33
Q

what are crus and where does right crus come from

A

tendons at bottom of diaphragm

right L1-3

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34
Q

where does left crus come from

A

L1-2 + intervertebral discs

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35
Q

where are the diaphragm hiatuses (openings)

A

T8 - caval, vena cava through central tendon, phrenic nerve
T10 - oesophageal hiatus in muscle, vagus nerve
T12 - aortic hiatus, btwn right and left crust

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36
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate

A

at sternal angle level

2 primary bronchi at T4/5

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37
Q

what borders does the lung have

A

anterior, posterior, inferior

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38
Q

what surfaces does the lung have

A

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

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39
Q

what is the peripheral part of the diaphragm innervated by

A

by sensory fibres of intercostal nerves, T7-T12).

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40
Q

where does the conducting zone and respiratory zone start

A

end - terminal bronchioles

start - respiratory bronchioles

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41
Q

where is the cardiac notch

A

cardiac notch at rib 4-6, lingula

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42
Q

what is the hilum

A

on mediastinal surface of lung

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43
Q

what is the root of the lung

A

group of structures that enter/leave lung through hilum - bronchus, artery, vein, lymph

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44
Q

what impressions are on the left lung

A

Aortic arch and heart + oesophagus impression on left lung

descending aorta

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45
Q

what impressions are on the right lung

A

Heart impression

inferior and superior vena cava

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46
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there

A

10

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47
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs, pulmoary plexus

A

Parasympathetic - vagus nerve

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48
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the lungs

A

T2-5, bronchodilator

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49
Q

what arteries supply lung

A

2 thoracic aorta on left

1 posterior intercostal artery on right

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50
Q

what veins drain the lungs

A

azygous + accessory hemiazygous

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51
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the lungs

A

superficial and deep LNs - bronchomediastinal lymph trunk

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52
Q

what is the pleura what are the components

A

Outer lungs and internal thorax covered

Visceral and parietal pleura

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53
Q

what is in the pleural cavity, whats its purpose

A

Cavity filled w intrapleural fluid allows movement of lung and sticks them together

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54
Q

what innervates visceral pleura

A

autonomic NS

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55
Q

what innervates parietal pleura

A

somatic neurones, pain sensitive

Intercostal nerves, phrenic nerves

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56
Q

what is a recess

A

increased space between layers of pleura at reflection

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57
Q

what is reflection

A

where parietal pleura becomes visceral

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58
Q

what are some reflections in the lung

A

Costodiaphragmatic reflection + recess on bottom

Costomediastinal

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59
Q

what are the margins of the lungs

A

mid clavicular rib 6
mid axillary line rib 8
paravertebral line 10

60
Q

what are the margins of the parietal pleura

A

mid clavicular rib 8
mid axillary line rib 10
paravertebral line 12

61
Q

what rib does the horizontal fissure follow (right lung)

A

4th rib

62
Q

what rib does the oblique fissure follow

A

begins at spine T2/3, follows 6th rib

63
Q

what are the layers in the histology of the respiratory systen

A

mucosa (epithelium and lamina propia)
Submucosa
Cartilage
Adventitia

64
Q

what are the histological features of the trachea

A

20 C shaped hyaline cartilage, gaps filled by trachealis muscle and fibroelastic tissue

65
Q

what is the purpose of the mucosa and submucosa

A

warm + moisten air, trap foreign particles in mucous

66
Q

describe the tracheas epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w goblet cells
Basement membrane in between
Lamina propia - contains elastin n bv

67
Q

describe the sub mucosa

A

Mixed sero-mucous glands

68
Q

where is the perichondrium

A

between submucosa and cartilage

69
Q

what is the adventitia

A

connects n supports trachea to surrounding tissue

70
Q

what is the extra pulmonary bronchi and its histology

A

2 primary bronchi

same as trachea

71
Q

what is the histology of intra pulmonary bronchi

A

less cartilage, does not completely encircle the lumen.

layers of smooth muscle between the mucosa and submucosa

72
Q

what is the diameter of bronchioles

A

<1mm

73
Q

what is the histology of bronchioles

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium (non-ciliated in smaller bronchioles - terminal)
Smooth muscles inc
Clara cells - secrete surfactant
No goblet cells, no cartilage, no submucosal glands

74
Q

what is the histology of respiratory bronchioles

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

75
Q

what are alveolar ducts surrounded by

A

surrounded by smooth muscle, elastin and collagen

76
Q

what are type 1 pneumocytes

A

alveoli cells

large flattened, v thin, diffusion take place

77
Q

what are type 2 pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant, decrease surface tension and stop alveoli collapsing

78
Q

what cells are there in alveoli

A

type 1 pneumocytes, type 2 and macrophages (dust cells) - brownish

79
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

secrete mucous

80
Q

spermatogenesis

oogenesis

A

ff

81
Q

what cell is formed when the nucelus of sperm fuses nucleus of ovum

A

diploid cell called the ZYGOTE

82
Q

what is formed after the zygote divides a couple times

A

Morula

solid ball of cells

83
Q

are the children affected if the mother has a mitochondrial disease

A

yes, all affected

84
Q

what does the morula divide into and why

A

blastocyst

getting nutrition to central core becomes difficult

85
Q

describe blastocyst

A

has blastocystic cavity
Cells accumulate at one end to form an inner cell mass.
outer lining of cells is trophoblast.

86
Q

where does fertilisation happen

A

in fallopian tube

87
Q

zygote to blastocyst

happens while moving from fallopian tube to uterus

A

ff

88
Q

where does implantation occur

A

in the uterine endometrial layer and placenta begins to develop

89
Q

how is chorion formed

A

cells that are outer mass of blastocyst - trophoblast
divide to form 2 layers
develop finger like processes (chorionic villi)

90
Q

what does chorion do

A 
Implantation process (chorionic villi)
Forms part of the placenta in due course
Secretes human Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (used to detect pregnancy)
91
Q

at what day does implantation occur

A

day 7

92
Q

what are fimbrae

A

are next to ovary

capture ovum then release into tube

93
Q

what is the Decidua basalis

A

part of the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus.

94
Q

what does HCG do

A

secreted by the chorion is going to help maintain the decidua (endometrium)

95
Q

what happens to the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

A

cells of the inner cell mass form a 2–layered flat disc called the BILAMINAR DISC
epiblast
hypoblast
2 cavities - amniotic and yolk sac

96
Q

what are the 2 layers of the bilaminar disc

A

epiblast

hypoblast

97
Q

what 2 cavities are formed with the bilaminar disc

A 
Amniotic cavity (A)
Yolk sac (Y)
98
Q

when is placenta formed and matured

A

after 12 weeks

matured 18-20weeks

99
Q

what is the function of the placenta

A

Foetal nutrition
Transport of waste and gases
Immune etc

100
Q

describe placenta

A

Foetal part and surface: smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord
Maternal part: Decidua basalis of endometrium
Rough and has maternal blood vessels

101
Q

what cavities are there in the embryo at week 2

A

Amniotic cavity
Chorionic cavity
Allantoic cavity
Yolk sac

102
Q

what is the midline of the embryo

A

top of amniotic cavity

103
Q

what is the Primitive streak

A

formed in the midline of the epiblast by the dipping in of cells (invagination)

forms axis for embryo

104
Q

what is gastrulation, describe the process

A

Epiblast cells migrate to lie inbetween epiblast and hypoblast layers

form 3 germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm - trilaminar disc

cells are now specialised

105
Q

what are the specialities of each layer in trilaminar disc

A

ectoderm - skin, NS
mesoderm - muscle, reproductive
endoderm - gut tube, resp tube

106
Q

how is the notochord formed and what does it do

A

primitive streak keeps dividing
form cluster of cells in mesoderm, disconnect

secretes protein to induce neural tube

107
Q

how is neural tube formed whats this process called

A

ectoderm thickens, makes crest until comes together and makes tube

neuralation

108
Q

what induces the mesoderm to thicken

A

neural tube

109
Q

what does the mesoderm seperate into

A

3 parts
paraxial
intermediate plate
lateral plate mesoderm

110
Q

what happens to the lateral plate mesoderm, what are the sections called

A

it splits

somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

111
Q

what does the paraxial mesoderm divide into

A

into 3

  • dermatome
  • myotome
  • sclerotome (bones)
112
Q

what does intermediate plate mesoderm become

A

urogenital system (kidneys + repro)

113
Q

what does lateral plate mesoderm become

A

body cavity and coverings

114
Q

what is teratology

A

congenital abnormalities and abnormal formations.

115
Q

whats and (R) enantiomer

A

isomer

effective drug for morning sickness, positive

116
Q

whats and (S) enantiomer

A

can cause birth defects

117
Q

what are teratogens

A

environmental factors that cause abnormal development.

118
Q

what are causes of abnormal foetus development

A

environmental
genetic
multifactorial
unknown

119
Q

what is the risk of teratogenesis in weeks 1-2

A

High risk of death, low risk from teratogens

120
Q

what is the risk of teratogenesis in weeks 3-8

A

Period of greatest sensitivity to teratogens

121
Q

what is the risk of teratogenesis in weeks 9-38

A

Decreasing sensitivity to teratogens

122
Q

what does the risk posed by teratogens depend on

A

Exposure during critical periods of development
Dosage of drug
Genetic constitution of embryo ie some more susceptible than others at equivalent doses etc

123
Q

how can you diagnose malformations prenatally

A

Blood - AFP
Ultrasound scan – 12 week anomaly scan
Invasive tests: chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis

124
Q

how can you diagnose malformations postnatally

A

Hip stability
Testes (descent)
Fingers and toes
Hearing

125
Q

what 4 structures are developed in the respiratory system

A

trachea
lungs
pleura
diaphragm

126
Q

where does the repsiratory system develop from

A

foregut part of primitive gut tube

127
Q

what is the gut tube formed from

A

endoderm

128
Q

where do the trachea and lung buds bud out from and when

A

out from the ventral wall of the foregut

at week 4

129
Q

what is the position of the trachea to the oesophagus

A

trachea anterior to

oesophagus

130
Q

what seperates the trachea and lung buds from oesophagus

A

oesophagotracheal septum

131
Q

what happens if the trachea and oesophagus don’t separate

A 
Tracheoesophageal fistula (abnormal passage)
Oesophageal Atresia (passage is closed/absent)
132
Q

what does the splanchnic layer form

A

forms visceral pleura

133
Q

what does the somatic layer form

A

forms parietal pleura

134
Q

what is the pericardioperitoneal canal

A

space between these two layers of mesoderm around the lungs is continuous with the heart in front and the peritoneal cavity below

pleura still open to heart and abdomen

135
Q

what is it called once the pericardioperitoneal canal is closed off

A

pleural cavity

136
Q

How do the pleural cavities get closed off from the heart

A

fold of lateral plate somatic mesoderm will grow in from the periphery and close off pleural cavity

pleuropericardial fold

137
Q

what does the pleuropericardial fold become

A

become the pericardium of the heart

138
Q

what seperates the pleural cavity from peritoneal cavity

A

diaphragm

139
Q

what are the stages of lung development

A 
embryonic
pseudoglandular
canalicular
saccular
alveolar (post natal after 40weeks)
140
Q

what happens in the canalicular stage

A

alveolar ducts form

Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

141
Q

when can gas exchange take place in the lung development stages

A

saccular stage

alveoli develop, surfactant

142
Q

what happens in pseudoglandular stage

A

). Development of all lung structures except respiratory part (no gas exchange)

143
Q

what structures form the diaphragm

A

Septum transversum
Pleuroperitoneal folds
Skeletal muscle ingrowth from the peripheral body wall (muscular part of diaphragm)
dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus

look at diagram

144
Q

what is a major defect of the diaphragm

A

Failure of the diaphragm to completely close during development -> hernias

hernia - protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it

Pulmonary hypoplasia

145
Q

what does the septum transversum become

A

forms the central tendon of the diaphragm

146
Q

what forms the diaphragmatic crura

A

Skeletal muscle from the periphery covers the dorsal mesentery to form the diaphragmatic crura.

Anatomy - Year 1 (10 decks)

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