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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Bones and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal Cartilage

A

Portion of the skeleton composed of cartilage, a resilient connective tissue that provides flexibility; lacks both nerves and blood vessels.

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2
Q

What is the area around the cartilage called?

A

perichondrium

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3
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

The most abundant cartilage type in the body; provides firm support with some pliability.

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4
Q

Which part of the skeletal cartilage is hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. Nasal cartilages (external nose)
  2. Respiratory cartilages (skeleton of larynx, other respiratory pathways)
  3. Costal cartilages (connects ribs to sternum)
  4. Articular cartilages (covers ends of most bones at movable joints)
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5
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Resembles hyaline cartilage, but has more stretchy elastic fibers and as result can handle more repeated bending.

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6
Q

Which part of the skeletal cartilage is elastic cartilage?

A

External ear and epiglottis

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7
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers.

Resistant to compression, has great tensile strength

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8
Q

Which part of the skeletal cartilage is fibrocartilage?

A

Padlike cartilages (menisci) of the knee and the discs between vertebrae

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9
Q

Appositional growth

A

Process where new tissue is added to the external surface of a bone or cartilage, causing it to increase in width or diameter

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10
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth from within, causes increase in length

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11
Q

What is the only type of growth that occurs in bone?

A

Interstitial

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12
Q

What are the 7 functions of bone?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Anchorage
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell formation (red marrow)
  6. Triglyceride (fat) storage (yellow marrow)
  7. Hormone production
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13
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

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14
Q

How many total bones are there in the human skeleton?

A

206

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15
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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16
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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17
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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18
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

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19
Q

What are the shapes used to classify bone?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
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20
Q

Long bones

A

Longer-than-wide bones of the upper and lower limbs that consist of a central shaft plus two ends (e.g., humerus)

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21
Q

Short bones

A

Bones that are about as wide as they are long (e.g., wrist and ankle bones)

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22
Q

Flat bones

A

Bones that are thin, flattened, and often curved (e.g., sternum).

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23
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones with unique, complex shapes that are not classified as long, short, or flat (e.g., vertebrae).

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24
Q

Compact bone (Lamellar)

A

External layer of skeletal bone that is dense and looks smooth and solid.

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25
Spongy bone (trabecular)
Internal layer of skeletal bone, a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae
26
Endosteum
Connective tissue that covers internal surface of bone
27
What is the general pattern shared by short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones?
They all consist of thin plates of spongy bone (diploë) covered by compact bone. There is no shaft or expanded ends
28
What is the general structure of long bones?
Shaft, bone ends, membrane
29
Diaphysis
Shaft that forms the long axis of a long bone
30
Medullary cavity
Central hollow cavity of a long bone. Contains yellow or red bone marrow.
31
Epiphyses
Bone ends on a long bone
32
Epiphyseal line
An ossified remnant of the epiphyseal (growth) plate of a long bone.
33
Epiphyseal plate (Growth plate)
Plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone.
34
Periosteum
Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone
35
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
36
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix
37
Nutrient foramen
An opening in the shaft of a long bone through which the nutrient artery and vein pass.
38
What kind of marrow do adults have more of?
Yellow marrow
39
Bone markings
Distinct bone surface features—depressions and openings, projections, and surfaces—that function as either conduits (openings), muscle attachment sites, or joint surfaces.
40
What are the 5 major cell types of bone tissue?
1. Osteoprogenitor cells 2. Osteoblasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts 5. Bone lining cells
41
Osteoprogenitor cells
Bone marrow stem cells that develop into osteoblasts that produce the matrix of bone.
42
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix, act as stress/strain sensors, and respond to mechanical stimuli
43
Bone lining cells
Flattened cells on inactive (nonremodeling) bone surfaces; probable role in maintaining bone matrix.
44
Osteon (Haversion system)
Structural unit of compact bone, an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone. Functionally, osteons are tiny weight-bearing pillars
45
Lamella
A layer in an osteon of compact bone
46
Why is an osteon called a "twister resister"?
The collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae always run in different directions, which withstands torsional stress
47
Central canal (Haversion canal)
The canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the osteocytes
48
Perforating canals
Lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals
49
Interstitial lamellae
Incomplete lamellae that lie between intact osteons, filling the gaps between forming osteons, or representing the remnants of an osteon that has been cut through by bone remodeling.
50
Circumferential lamellae
Outer rings of lamellae just deep to the periosteum and inner rings of lamellae just superficial to the endosteum.
51
What are the organic components of bone?
Its cells (osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts) and osteoid
52
Osteoid
Unmineralized bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
53
What are the inorganic components of bone?
hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
54
Which cell type is found within lacunae?
Osteocytes
55
Red bone marrow
Primary site for hematopoiesis
56
Yellow bone marrow
Primarily a site for fat storage
57
Articular cartilages
Cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints
58
Costal cartilages
Connect the ribs to the sternum
59
Sesamoid bone
A small bone embedded within a tendon. Found in foot, hand, knee cap
60
Canaliculi
Tiny channels in lacunae of bone matrix, through which the osteocytes extend long, slender processes
61
Where is red bone marrow found in adults?
Spongy bone
62
Where is red bone marrow found in children?
The medullary cavity of the diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone
63
What are the 4 stages in the healing of a bone fracture?
1. Hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callous forms 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone remodeling occurs
64
Wolff's Law
Bone tissue adapts its structure in response to the mechanical stress it experiences
65
Osteomalacia
A softening of the bone. Disorder that affects adults and has symptoms similar to rickets
66
What are the 3 ways bone fractures can be classified?
1. Position of bone ends after fracture (nondisplaced/displaced) 2. Completeness of break (complete/incomplete) 3. Whether skin is penetrated (open/closed)
67
Endochondral ossification
Bone develops by replacing cartilage
68
Intramembranous ossification
Bone develops from a fibrous memberane
69
Except for the clavicles, how do all bones below the base of the skull form?
Endochondral ossification
70
Primary ossification center
First bone area to undergo ossification after the bone collar forms during prenatal growth; occurs in the diaphysis of long bones.
71
Secondary ossification centers
Bone areas that undergo ossification during postnatal and adolescent years; occur in the epiphyses of long bones.
72
What kind of ossifcation forms most of the bones of the skull and clavicles?
Intramembranous ossification
73
How frequently is spongy bone replaced?
Every 3-4 years
74
How often is compact bone replaced?
Every 10 years
75
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Produced by parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels
76
Calcitonin
Produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland in response to high levels of blood calcium levels
77
Nondisplaced fracture
Bone ends retain normal position
78
Displaced fracture
Bone ends are out of normal alignment
79
Complete fracture
Bone is broken all the way through
80
Incomplete fracture
Bone is not broken all the way through
81
Open (compound) fracture
Skin is penetrated
82
Closed (simple) fracture
Skin is not penetrated
83
Comminuted fracture
Bone is broken in 3+ places
84
Spiral fracture
Occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone
85
Depressed fracture
Bone broken portion is pressed inward
86
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed (common in prous bones)
87
Epiphyseal fracture
Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
88
Greenstick fracture
Incomplete bone fracture, common in children, where the bone bends and cracks on one side but doesn't break all the way through
89
Rickets
Disease that primarily affects children, causing soft and weak bones due to insufficient calcium and phosphorus absorption
90

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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