Bones Of Upper Limb

Question 0

Shoulder region

Answer 0

Deltoid, pectoral, scapular and lateral part of lateral cervical region

Question 1

Four segments of upper limb

Answer 1

Shoulder
Arm
Forearm
Hand

Question 2

Pectoral girdle

Answer 2

Bony ring, incomplete posteriorly, formed by scapulae and clavicles and completed anteriorly by manubrium of the sternum

Question 3

Arm region

Answer 3

Between the shoulder and the elbow
Centered around humerus
Consists of anterior and posterior regions of the arm

Question 4

Forearm region

Answer 4

Between elbow and wrist and contains ulna and radius

Consists of anterior and posterior regions of the forearm

Question 5

Hand region

Answer 5

Distal to the forearm and contains the carpus, metacarpus and phalanges
Composed of the wrist, palm, dorsum of hand, and digits
Richly supplied with sensory endings for touch, pain and temperature

Question 6

Superior appendicular skeleton

Answer 6

Pectoral girdle and bones of free part of upper limb

Articulates with axial skeleton only at sternoclavicular joint

Question 7

Pectoral girdle is supported, stabilized and propelled by

Answer 7

Axio appendicular muscles

Which attach to the ribs, sternum and vertebrae of axial skeleton

Question 8

Clavicle aka

Answer 8

Collar bone

Question 9

Clavicle articulations

Answer 9

Sternal end with manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint
A criminal end articulates with acromion of scapula at acromioclavicular joint

Question 10

Structure of clavicle

Answer 10

Medial two thirds of shaft of clavicle are convex anteriorly
Lateral third is flattened and concave anteriorly

Question 11

Functions or clavicle

Answer 11

Pivoting strut from whch scapula and free limb are suspended, keeping the free limb lateral to the thorax so that the arm has maximum freedom of motion
Fixing the strut in position, especially after it’s elevation enables elevation of the ribs for deep inspiration
Forms one of boundaries of cervical axillary canal, affording protection to neurovascular bundle supplying upper limb
Transmits shocks from the upper limb to the axial skeleton

Question 12

Bony structure of clavicle

Answer 12

Designated as a long bone
Has no medullary cavity
Spongy bone with a shell of compact bone

Question 13

Scapula general info

Answer 13

Shoulder blade

Triangular flat bone that lies on posterolateral aspect of the thorax, overlying the 2nd through 7th ribs

Question 14

Detailed structure of scapula

Answer 14

Convex posterior surface, divided by spine of scapula into small supra spinous fossa and larger infra spinous fossa
Concave costal surface has large sub scapular fossa
Medial, lateral, and superior borders
Superior and inferior angles
Lateral border is thickest part
Head of the scapula: where glenoid cavity is, in superior lateral border
Neck of scapula: just medial to the head
Supra scapular notch: superior border of scapula is marked near the junction of its medial two thirds and lateral third by notch
Acromion: subcutaneous point of the shoulder
Glenoid cavity: superolaterally, lateral surface of head of scapula articulates with head of humerus. Shallow, concave, oval fossa, directed anterolaterally and slightly superiorly
Coracoid process: superior to glenoid cavity and projects anterolaterally

Question 15

Humerus in general

Answer 15

Largest bone in upper limb

Articulates with scapula and ulna and radius

Question 16

Proximal end of humerus

Answer 16

Head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula
Inter tubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) separates lesser tubercle from greater tubercle
Anatomical neck of humerus separates the head from tubercles
Distal to tubercles is narrow surgical neck of humerus

Question 17

Shaft of humerus

Answer 17

Deltoid tuberosity: laterally
Radial groove: groove for radial nerve, spiral groove: posterior for radial nerve and profunda brachii artery
Inferior end of humoral shaft widens as sharp medial and lateral supra epicondylar ridges form and then end distally in the prominent medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle

Question 18

Distal end of the humerus

Answer 18

Trochlea, olecranon, capitulum, coronoid and radial fossae makes up condylar of humerus

Question 19

Capitulum

Answer 19

Lateral articulation with the head of the radius

Question 20

Trochlea

Answer 20

Medial for articulation with trochlear notch of the ulna

Question 21

Coronoid fossa

Answer 21

Superior to the trochlea anteriorly

Receives coronoid process of ulna during full flexion of elbow

Question 22

olecranon fossa

Answer 22

Posteriorly accomodates olecranon of the ulna during extension of elbow

Question 23

Radial fossa

Answer 23

Superior to capitulum anteriorly

Accomodates edge of the head of the radius when the elbow is fully flexed

Question 24

ulna general

Answer 24

stabilizing bone of the forearm | medial and longer of two forearm bones

Question 25

proximal end of ulna

Answer 25

olecranon: posteriorly coronoid process:anteriorly together: form walls of trochlear notch which articulates with trochlea of humerus inferior to coronoid process is tuberosity of the ulna on lateral side of coronoid process is radial notch, which articulates with the head of the radius distal to radial notche is supinator crest, and between it and the distal part of coronoidprocess is supinator fossa

Question 26

shaft of ulna

Answer 26

thick proximally, but it tapers, diminishing in diameter distally

Question 27

distal end of ulna

Answer 27

narrow rounded head of ulna with small conical, ulnar styloid process does not articulate directly with carpal bones separated from carpals by a fibrocartilaginous articular disc

Question 28

radius general

Answer 28

lateral, and shorter of two forearm bones

Question 29

radius proximal end

Answer 29

cylindrical head, short neck and radial tuberosity (projection from medial surface) head is concave for articulation with the capitulum of humerus. also articulates medially with the radial notch of the ulna the neck of the radius is the narrw part betweenthe head and radial tuberosity the radial tuberosity demarcates the proximal end from the shaft

Question 30

the shaft of the radius

Answer 30

has a lateral convexity and gradually enlarges as it passes distally

Question 31

distal radius

Answer 31

medial aspect of distal end of the radius forms ulnar notch, which accomodates head of ulna lateral aspect terminates distally as the radial styloid process. larger than the ulnar styloid process and extends farther distally dorsal tubercle of the radiuslies between two of the shallow grooves for passage of the tendons of the forearm musclesand serves as a trochlea for the tendon of the long extensor of the thumb

Question 32

bones of wrist

Answer 32

lateral to medial, proximal then distal scaphoid, lunate, triquetram, pisiform trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 33

scaphoid

Answer 33

boat shaped bone that has a prominent scaphoid tubercle

Question 34

lunate

Answer 34

moon shaped bone that is broader anteriorly than posteriorly

Question 35

triquetram

Answer 35

a pyramidal bone on the medial aspect of the carpus

Question 36

pisiform

Answer 36

a small, pea shaped bone that lies on the palmar surface of the triquetram

Question 37

trapezium

Answer 37

a four sided bone on the lateral side of the carpus

Question 38

trapezoid

Answer 38

a wedge shaped bone

Question 39

capitate

Answer 39

the head shaped bone thsat is the largest bone in the carpus

Question 40

hamate

Answer 40

a wedge shaped bone which has a hooked process (the hook of hamate) that extends anteriorly

Question 41

metacarpus

Answer 41

forms the skeleton of the palm of the hand between the carpus and the phalanges composed of five metacarpals each consists of a base, shaft and head proximal bases articulate with carpal bones and distal heads articulate with the proximal phalanges and form knuckles 1st metacarpal is thumb

Question 42

phalanges`

Answer 42

each digit has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) except for the first (thumb has no middle) each phalanxhas a base, shaft (body) and a head (distal) distal phalanges are flattened and expanded at their distal ends

Question 43

fracture of clavicle

Answer 43

weakest part at junction of middle and lateral thirds SCM elevates medial fragment of bone trapezius is unable to hold up lateral fragment b/c of weight of limb, shoulder drops lateral fragment pulled medially by muscles that adduct arm like pectoralis major

Question 44

ossification of clavicle

Answer 44

first long bone to ossify via intramembranous ossification, during fifth and sixth embryonic weeksfrom medial and lateral primary centers. ends of clavicle later pass through cartilaginous phase, form growth zones similar to those of other long bones secondary ossification center appears at sternal end and forms scale like epiphysis that begins to fuse with diaphysis between 18 and 25 years of age, completly fused between 25 and 31 years of age sometimes, fusion of two ossification centers fails to occur: defect: usually bilateral

Question 45

fracture of scapula

Answer 45

usually result of severe trauma, usually accompanied by fractured ribs require little treatment because scap is covered by muscle most fractures involve acromion

Question 46

fractures of humerus

Answer 46

fractures of surgical neck of humerus especially common in osteoporosis: fall on hand transverse fractures on shaft of humerus: direct blow to the arm supra-epicondylar fracture: distal partof humerus nerves may be injured surgical neck: axillary nerve radial groove: radial nerve distal humerus: median nerve medial epicondyle: ulnar nerve

Question 47

fractures of ulna and radius

Answer 47

direct injury usually produces transverse fractures at same level, often middle third of both bones b/c of interosseus membrane, fracture of one bone is likely dislocation of nearest joint fracture of distal radius is most common fracture in people> 50 years of age Colles fracture: complete fracture of distal 2 cm of radius: forced dorsiflexion of hand:comminuted and displaced dorsally; ulnar styloid avulsed

Question 48

fractures scaphoid

Answer 48

results from a fall on palm with hand abducted across narrow part (waist) of scaphoid pain primarily on lateral side of wrist, especially during dorsiflexion and abduction of hand radiographs immediately may not show, but 10 to 14 days later will avascular necrosis of proximal fragment of scaphoid may lead to DJD of wrist

Question 49

fracture of hamate

Answer 49

non union of fractured bony parts because of traction produced by attached muscles because ulnar nerve is close to hook of hamate, may be injured, causing decreased grip strength of hand ulnar artery may also be damaged

Question 50

severe crushing injuries of hand

Answer 50

multiple metacarpal fractures, resulting in instability of the hand fracture of distal phalanx: usually comminuted with hematoma fractures of proximal and middle phalanges: usually crushing or hyperextension injuries