Superficial Structures Of Upper Limb

Question 0

Axillary fascia

Answer 0

Pectoral fascia leaves lateral border of pectoralis major and becomes axillary fascia which forms the floor of the axilla

Question 1

Pectoral fascia

Answer 1

Invests the pectoralis major and is continuous inferiorly with the fascia of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 2

Clavipectoral fascia

Answer 2

Deep to pectoral fascia and pectoralis major
Descends from the clavicle enclosing the subclavius and then the pectoralis minor, becoming continuous inferiorly with the axillary fascia

Question 3

Costocoracoid membrane

Answer 3

Part of Clavipectoral fascia between pectoralis minor and subclavius
Pierced by lateral pectoral nerve which primarily supplies pectoralis major

Question 4

Suspensory ligament of axilla

Answer 4

Part of Clavipectoral fascia inferior to pectoralis minor

Supports axillary fascia and pulls it and the skin inferior to it upward during abduction of arm, forming axillary fossa

Question 5

Deltoid fascia

Answer 5

Invests the deltoid and is continuous with the pectoral fascia anteriorly and the dense infra spinous fascia posteriorly

Question 6

Brachial fascia

Answer 6

Sheath of deep fascia, encloses arm like a snug sleeve
Continuous superiorly with deltoid, pectoral, axillary and infra spinous fasciae
Attached inferiorly to the epicondyles of the humerus and the olecranon of the ulna and is continuous with the antebrachial fascia. The deep fascia of the forearm

Question 7

Inter muscular septa

Answer 7

Medial and lateral inter muscular septa
Extend from the deep surface of the brachial fascia and attach to the central shaft and medial and lateral supra epicondylar ridges of the humerus
Divide arm into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) fasciae compartments
Each of which contains muscles serving similar functions and sharing common Innervation

Question 8

Antebrachial fascia

Answer 8

Fascial compartments in the forearm surrounded by antebrachial fascia
Separated by interosseus membrane, connecting radius and ulna

Question 9

Extensor retinaculum

Answer 9

Antebrachial fascia Thickens posteriorly over the distal ends of the radius and ulna to form a transverse band
Holds extensor tendons in position

Question 10

Flexor retinaculum

Answer 10

Antebrachial fascia continues distal but deeper than palmar carpal ligament
Transverse carpal ligament
Extends between the anterior prominences of the outer carpal bones and converts to carpal tunnel

Question 11

Palmar carpal ligament

Answer 11

Anterior thickening of antebrachial fascia

Continuous with extensor retinaculum

Question 12

Carpal tunnel

Answer 12

Converted by flexor retinaculum: anterior concavity of the carpus into the carpal tunnel through which flexor tendons and median nerve pass

Question 13

Palmar fascia

Answer 13

Deep fascia of the upper limb continues beyond the extensor and flexor retnacula

Question 14

Palmar aponeurosis

Answer 14

Central part of palmar fascia
Thick, tendinous and triangular
Forms four distinct thickenings that radiate to the bases of the fingers and become continuous with the fibrous tendon sheaths of the digits

Question 15

Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament

Answer 15

Bands transversed distally

Form the base of the palmar aponeurosis

Question 16

Brachial plexus

Answer 16

Anterior rami of c5 to t1 spinal nerves

Question 17

Cervical plexus

Answer 17

Series of nerve loops formed between adjacent anterior rami of the first four cervical nerves
Deep to SCM on lateral aspect of neck

Question 18

Supra clavicular nerves

Answer 18

C3 c4
Pass anterior to clavicle, immediately deep to platysma and supply skin over clavicle and superolaterally aspect of pectoralis major

Question 19

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm

Answer 19

C5-c8

Branch of radial nerve, supplies skin on the posterior surface of the arm

Question 20

Posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm

Answer 20

C5 to c8
Also a branch of radial nerve
Supplies skin on posterior surface of forearm

Question 21

Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm

Answer 21

C5-c6
Terminal branch of axillary nerve, emerges from beneath posterior margin of the deltoid to supply the skin over the lower part of this muscle and on the lateral surface of the midarm

Question 22

Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm

Answer 22

C5c6
Branch of radial nerve
Supplies skin over infero lateral aspect of the arm
Frequently a branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Question 23

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Answer 23

C6c7
Terminal branch of musculocutaneous nerve
Supplies skin on lateral side of forearm

Question 24

Medial cutaneous nerve of arm

Answer 24

C8-t2 Arises from medial cord of brachial plexus, often uniting in the axillary with the lateral cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal nerve Supplies skin on medial side of the arm

Question 25

Intercostobrachial nerve

Answer 25

T2 Lateral cutaneous branch of 2nd intercostal nerve Also contributes to Innervation of skin on medial surface of the arm

Question 26

Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Answer 26

C8, t1 | Arises from medial cord of brachial plexus and supplies skin on the anterior and medial surfaces of the forearm

Question 27

Dorsal venous network

Answer 27

Dorsum of the hand | From which cephalon and basilic veins originate

Question 28

Perforating veins

Answer 28

Form communications between the superficial and deep veins

Question 29

Cephalic vein

Answer 29

Ascends on subcutaneous tissue from the lateral aspect of the dorsal venous network, proceeding along the lateral border of the wrist and the anterolateral surface of the forearm and arm

Question 30

Median cubital vein

Answer 30

Anterior to elbow, communicates with Cephalic vein | Passes obliquely across anterior aspect of the elbow and joins the basilic vein

Question 31

Cephalic vein superiorly

Answer 31

Cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis muscles and enters Clavipectoral triangle, where it pierces Costocoracoid membrane, part of the Clavipectoral fascia, and joins terminal part of axillary vein

Question 32

Basilic vein

Answer 32

Ascends in subcutaneous tissue from the medial end of the dorsal venous network, along the medial end of the dorsal venous network along the medial side of the forearm and inferior part of the arm Then passes deeply near junction of the middle and inferior thirds of the arm, piercing the brachial fascia, and running superiorly parallel to the brachial artery, where it merges with accompanying veins of brachial artery to form axillary vein

Question 33

Median antebrachial vein

Answer 33

Median vein of forearm | Ascends in the middle of anterior aspect of forearm

Question 34

Deep veins

Answer 34

Lie internal to deep fascia and usually occur as paired, continually interanastomosing, accompanying veins that travel with and bear the same name as the major arteries of the upper limb

Question 35

Superficial lymphatic vessels

Answer 35

Arise from lymphatic plexuses in the skin of the fingers, palm and dorsum of the hand and ascend mostly with superficial veins, such as the Cephalic and basilic veins

Question 36

Cubital lymph nodes

Answer 36

Some lymphatic vessels accompanying basilic vein enter | Located proximal to medial epicondyle

Question 37

Humeral (lateral) axillary lymph nodes

Answer 37

Efferent vessels from cubital lymph nodes ascend in the arm and terminate here

Question 38

Apical axillary lymph nodes

Answer 38

Most lymphatic vessels accompanying Cephalic vein cross proximal part of the arm and anterior aspect of shoulder to enter here

Question 39

Deltopectoral lymph nodes

Answer 39

Some vessels enter | More superficial

Question 40

Deep lymphatic vessels

Answer 40

Less numerous than superficial | accompany major deep veins and terminate in Humeral (lateral) axillary lymph nodes

Question 41

Injury to axillary nerve

Answer 41

Atrophy of the deltoid occurs when the axillary nerve is damaged Rounded contour of shoulder disappears Slight hollow inferior to acromion To test deltoid, abduct against resistance starting at 15 degrees

Question 42

C3 c4 dermatome

Answer 42

Supply region at the base of the neck, extending laterally over the shoulder

Question 43

C5 dermatome

Answer 43

Supplies arm laterally (ie superior aspect of abducted limb

Question 44

C6 nerve dermatome

Answer 44

Supplies forearm laterally and the thumb

Question 45

C7 dermatome

Answer 45

Supplies middle and ring fingers (or middle three fingers) and the middle of the posterior surface if the limb

Question 46

C8 dermatome

Answer 46

Little finger, medial side of the hand and the forearm (ie the inferior aspect of the abducted limb)

Question 47

T1 dermatome

Answer 47

Middle of the forearm to the axilla

Question 48

T2 dermatome

Answer 48

Supplies a small part of the arm and the skin of the axilla