BP - Structure/Function of the HNS

Question 1

what does the HNS break down into

Answer 1

Question 2

what is the role of the CNS

Answer 2

acts as a central processor of information and the control centre for human behaviour

Question 3

what is the brain’s responsibility within the CNS

Answer 3

processes and integrates all of the information from the senses and generates a response

Question 4

what is the role of the spinal cord within the CNS

Answer 4

receives and sends information to and from the brain
- allows the brain to monitor/regulate bodily processes
- spinal cord contains nerves to relay to necessary areas

Question 5

what does the CNS activate

Answer 5

the PNS

Question 6

what does the PNS consist of

Answer 6

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves - relays information between CNS and body

Question 7

what is the role of the SNS

Answer 7

to carry sensory information from the outside world to the brain and provide muscle responses via these motor pathways that allow us to respond to the environment e.g. reaction to a burn

Question 8

how does the SNS process information

Answer 8

• sensory receptors
• motor pathways
  (both allow for wuick reaction)

Question 9

what is the role of sensory receptors

Answer 9

carry information to the spinal cord and brain

Question 10

what is the role of motor pathways

Answer 10

allows brain to control movement

Question 11

what is the role of the ANS

Answer 11

transmit information to and from internal organs to sustain life e.g. homeostasis, HR
made up of motor pathways

Question 12

what is the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 12

increases bodily activity
involved in fight or flight response

Question 13

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

maintains normal bodily activity (acts as a brake and reduces activity of the body once increased by the sympathetic nervous system)

Question 14

what is the cerebrum

Answer 14

• the largest part of the brain
• divided into 4 lobes
• split down the middle into 2 hemispheres

Question 15

what connects the 2 hemispheres

Answer 15

corpus callosum - a massive bundle of neurones

Question 16

what is it called when each side of the brain communicates with each other

Answer 16

contralateral control

Question 17

what is the function of the right hemisphere

Answer 17

• holistic thought
• intuition
• creativity
• art & music

Question 18

what is the function of the left hemisphere

Answer 18

• analytic thought
• logic
• language
• science & maths

Question 19

what is the role of the cerebellum

Answer 19

sits at the back of the cerebrum
- controls motor skills, balance, coordinates muscles to allow for precise movement

Question 20

what is the role of the brain stem

Answer 20

regulation of essential functions for life like breathing and heartbeat

also connects the brain to the spinal cord

Question 21

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem

Answer 21

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 22

what are the 4 lobes of the brain

Answer 22

• frontal
• parietal
• temporal
• occipital

Question 23

what do the divisions of the brain look like

Answer 23

Question 24

what is the major function of the frontal lobe

Answer 24

• planning, organizing, problem solving and decision making
• memory + attention
• controlling emotion and behaviour

Question 25

what is the major function of the parietal lobe

Answer 25

- integrates sensory information from various parts - contains the primary sensory cortex which controls sensation - tells us which way is up - helps us from bumping into things

Question 26

what is the role of the occipital lobe

Answer 26

- receives and processes visual information - contains areas that help in perceiving shapes and colours

Question 27

what is the role of the temporal lobe

Answer 27

- recognizing and processing sound - understanding and producing sound - various aspects of memory

Question 28

what is in the diencephalon

Answer 28

thalamus and hypothalamus (and epithalamus)

Question 29

what is the thalamus

Answer 29

- relay station for nerve impulses from sense organs - to transfer information it collects from other parts of the brain to the cerebral cortex

Question 30

what is the role of the hypothalamus

Answer 30

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and links to the endocrine system to control the release of hormones - link between nervous system and endocrine system

Question 31

what is a neuron

Answer 31

a specialised cell within the nervous system

Question 32

what is the function of a neuron

Answer 32

to communicate with other cells at a time in huge pathways

Question 33

what is brain plasticity

Answer 33

the brain's ability to change and adapt with experience

Question 34

what does a neuron look like

Answer 34

Question 35

what is the role of the axon

Answer 35

the extension of the cell body that oasses the electrical impulse toward the axon terminal

Question 36

what is the role of the dendrites

Answer 36

receives impulses from other neurons and triggers an action potential within the cell

Question 37

what is the role of the cell body

Answer 37

houses the nucleus, contains mitochondria and other things to keep the cell functioning

Question 38

what is the role of the axon hillock

Answer 38

where nerve impulses are triggered from

Question 39

what is the role of the myelin sheath

Answer 39

a layer of fatty deposit that help speed up the rate of transmission

Question 40

what the role of the Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 40

breaks between the cell across the myelin sheath that speeds up action potential

Question 41

what is the role of the synapse

Answer 41

neurone passes its information, where neurotransmitters are released

Question 42

what is the role of the Schwann cell

Answer 42

types of cell that holds nerve cells in place and holds the myelin sheath together

Question 43

what is the role of the axon terminal

Answer 43

pass nerve impulses from the cell to the body part it controls

Question 44

what are the 3 types of neuron

Answer 44

- sensory - relay/inter - motor

Question 45

what is the role of the sensory neuron

Answer 45

receives messages from sense and sends them to the CNS/SNS

Question 46

what is the role of the relay neuron

Answer 46

only in the CNS to connect neurons together

Question 47

what is the role of the motor neuron

Answer 47

sends messages to muscles and glands from the brain and spinal cord

Question 48

what is an excitatory response

Answer 48

an action potential is more likely to make the next neuron fire

Question 49

what is an inhibitory response

Answer 49

makes it less likely for the next neuron to fire so an action potential is not created

Question 50

what are the 3 ways of removing a neurotransmitter

Answer 50

- diffusion - reuptake - broken down by enzymes

Question 51

what does synaptic transmission look like

Answer 51

Question 52

what is the 6 step process of synaptic transmission (PVNPN)

Answer 52

1) presynaptic neuron -> electrical impulse travels down the axon and arrives at the synaptic terminal 2) vesicles release neurotransmitter, electrical impulse binds, becomes chemical and diffuses across the synaptic gap 3) neurotransmitters bind with receptors on postsynaptic neuron 4) if the summation is positive, the post synaptic neuron will fire and impulse will continue 5) if the summation is negative, the post synaptic neuron will NOT fire 6) neurotransmitters are then broken down, reabsorbed or diffused away